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AND ITS FRIENDS, 
October lGth, 1881 



BISHOP W. MAINS, Publisher. 

Illustrated by Joseph W. Phillips. 



TRENTON, N. J. : 

JOHN L. MURPHY, BOOK AND JOB PRINTER. 



A 



DEDICATED TO 

&jjc <^lb <firsi Virginia Jlcqiment, 

AND 

£!)£ Potottgcr gissottatton, 

AND THEIR FRIENDS, 

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. 



INTRODUCTORY. 



We, as old veteran soldiers, took this trip of ours 
not so much for the mere sake of recreation, as for 
the purpose of recalling the incidents connected with 
the late war. While history records all the facts of 
the war, they are in a general sense, and are not 
confined to incidents along the line of the " inarch " 
of the " Gratitude." We purpose to relate, briefly, 
important incidents which occurred along our track, 
so that all who accompanied us can recall many of 
the tragic scenes in which they took a part, and 
which have been so graphically described in history. 
Many of us, perhaps, in our army life, were called 
to other fields of action under Sherman, Thomas 
and others, and were never called upon to face the 
heroic Army of Northern Virginia in the defence of 
Richmond. To all such a brief allusion to historical 
facts connected with many points along which we 
passed will be highly appreciated. 

It is the purpose of the publisher of this book to 
give a plain, simple statement of facts, so that when 
you take up this volume you can read it with implicit 
faith. Historical facts given will not be wholly of 
my own imagination or conception, but will be 
quoted from the best authorities. 

In compiling the incidents which we encountered 
on this trip, I will use many of the notes kept by 



4 INTRODUCTORY. 

several members of our party, so in perusing this 
volume, if you read of an incident occurring which 
did not come under your personal observation, you 
must not wonder thereat ; for while, perhaps, you 
were wandering through the beautiful parks of Rich- 
mond, gazing upon its magnificent monuments, 
others were busy looking through the musty books 
of the famous Library, and others were roaming over 
the battle field of Fair Oaks, digging bullets out of 
trees and fallen logs, and gathering other relics of 
interest ; and others, still, were exploring the depth, 
height and breadth of Libby Prison, wherein many 
of our comrades, nearly twenty years ago, sickened 
and died. 

We all have a personal history to relate, and the 
object of the publisher is to combine one with the 
other in such a manner that each one of us can see 
the part he played in this "drama of life." 

Owing to the perplexing circumstances connected 
with the gathering together of the incidents of our 
trip and their compilation, I may, perhaps, make 
some mistakes, (not fatal mistakes, because it is my 
intention to be extraordinarily particular,) and if I 
do, I ask your forbearance, for I am not infallible. 
I will endeavor to give the facts as they really 
occurred, without color of any kind. 

It would be well to say right here that we as old 
soldiers were about to undertake something that had 
never been done since the close of the Rebellion. 
We are the invited guests of a "rebel " regiment 
from that stronghold of the Confederacy — Richmond. 



INTRODUCTORY. 5 

Never before had the Confederate soldiers of the 
South extended an invitation to any organization 
composed solely of veterans of the Union army. 
Therefore, our trip partakes largely of a national 
importance, and each one of us can feel honored 
for the part he has played. Captain " Dick " Wise 
touched the key note when he said that "such a 
meeting and mingling together of the soldiers of 
both armies will do more to bind us together in one 
common brotherhood than a hundred years of war 
or peace." 

I do not propose to fill this volume with my own 
reflections, but I wish to impress upon each one of 
our comrades and friends, that this trip of ours was 
not one of ordinary importance. 

For years past we had felt a strong desire to know, 
how the men who wore the grey, and so gallantly 
fought us for four long years, actually felt toward us, 
and how they would talk and act toward us. It was 
not an idle curiosity. The desire of our hearts has 
been a Union restored to the core; a state of genuine 
loyalty on the part of every citizen thereof; love for 
the Union, not mere constrained obedience to it. It 
was for this we fought, hoped and prayed ; not for a 
mere organic Union, with bitterness and hatred 
rankling within it. What were the prospects of our 
hopes and prayers being realized ? Sixteen years 
have elapsed since our bruised arms were hung up as 
monuments, how do they feel toward us at this day? 
What are their feelings, thoughts, desires, purposes, 
in relation to the old flag and the old Union? The 



6 INTRODUCTORY. 

information obtained through newspapers, as all 
know, is unsatisfactory and not as reliable as might 
be desired. Hence our projected trip to Richmond — 
the Capital of the Confederacy as well as of the old 
Dominion — and hence our gratification at receiving 
from "The Old First Virginia Infantry," the tender 
of a reception, in response to a business inquiry as 
to wharfage, addressed to an official in his official 
capacity. 

We beg it may be remembered that it is the late 
soldiers of the " Confederacy" whose guests we were, 
and of whom we speak in relation to our reception — 
the men who stood upon the line of battle and faced 
the Union fire. We did not fail to see indications 
that there were other classes of persons who were not 
in sympathy with the spirit of our reception. These 
we think, are limited to a certain class of politicians, 
the ladies (who, however, are becoming gradually 
reconciled and some wholly so), a very limited class 
of old "first families," and the boys growing up 
under, and not yet emancipated from the influence 
of the irreconcilables. Over all these, however, we 
desire to throw the kindly veil of charity, and would 
not make this parenthetic remark, but to avoid mis- 
understanding. 






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! 






ON TO RICHM 




On Tuesday evening, May ioth, 1881, a 
was made in the meeting of Aaron Wilkes Post, No. 
23, Grand Army of the Republic, that a committee 
be appointed to take into consideration the propriety 
of our Post visiting Yorktown. Considerable dis- 
cussion took place, and as all seemed to favor the 
proposition, our Commander appointed the commit- 
tee, whose names appear on another page. This 
committee was empowered to make all arrangements 
and contracts necessary to carry out the desired pro- 
gramme in a first class manner. The committee 
immediately organized itself by the election of 
officers, and then divided itself into sub-committees 
and began its preliminary work. How should we 
go ? was the question. We soon made up our minds 
we would go by boat. 

James Withington, one of the committee, in com- 
pany with Captain Wilson, of our city, visited Phila- 
delphia in search of a proper boat. They did not 
hesitate long in making their selection and reporting 
their decision to the committee, who immediately 
instructed Mr. Withington to proceed to Philadel- 
phia and charter the boat of their selection — the 
"Gratitude." 

Now came the question as to how we were to feed 
the large party who- proposed to accompany us. 
Some of our members thought we could do our own 
catering and thus reduce our expenses. We saw it 
could not be done. The committee then called upon 
Mr. John J. Ford, of this city, with whom we soon 
contracted to have him cater for us on our trip. 



8 ON TO RICHMOND! 

How many persons will our boat conveniently 
carry? is the next question. We soon solve the 
question — 150 all told. Tickets are gotten up and 
soon disposed of, and our quota is full. 

Communication is opened with the Yorktown 
authorities in regard to wharfage, &c. Satisfactory 
answers are received. 

In the meantime our Post votes to visit Richmond 
on our trip. In his correspondence with the York- 
town officials, our Adjutant tells them that we intend 
to visit Richmond, and that if there are any Con- 
federate organizations there we would be happy to 
meet them. We have not long to wait for a reply. 
"The Old First Virginia Regiment," of Richmond, 
an organization composed of old veterans of the 
Confederate army, through its Secretary, Mr. C. T. 
Loehr, tenders to us an invitation to partake of its 
hospitalities and friendship upon our visit to that 
city. The invitation was couched in language that 
we can never forget, and every member of our Post 
was wild with enthusiasm. We knew that when the 
true men of the South said come, that we would be 
welcome. The Post, by a rising vote, unanimously 
agreed to accept the invitation. The next day it is 
the " town talk," and what few tickets remain unsold 
are soon taken. Many of our best citizens would 
like to accompany us, and tickets are at a premium. 

All arrangements being made, we report our action 
to the Post. 

Our Commander, Richard A. Donnelly, Major of 
the New Jersey Battalion, is unable to go with the 
Post, as he intends to go with the Jersey troops to 
Yorktown. He said he preferred going with the 
Post, but he felt in duty bound to go with the bat- 
talion. 

The Post then appointed General E. L. Campbell 
as its Commander on this occasion. 



ON TO RICHMOND! 9 

The following is a list of the officers and members 
who accompany us on our excursion : 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

• James C. Taylor, Jr., Chairman. 
Bishop W. Mains, Secretary. 
Richard C. Ivory. 
James Withington. 
Robert S. Johnston. 
Edward H. Murphy, Chairman Auxiliary Corps. 

OFFICERS. 

Gen. Edward L. Campbell, Commander. 
Harry B. Lanning, Act. Senior Vice Commander. 
William Hatton, Adjutant. 

ASSISTANT OFFICERS. 

Judge James Buchanan. 
Captain Uriel B. Titus. 
Captain Peter Wilkes. 

Alfred Hughes, Officer of the Guard. 
John Warner, Officer of the Bay. 
Curles T. Williams, Surgeon. 
Edward V. Richards, Chaplain. 
Lafayette Horner, Quartermaster. 
R. C. Ivory, Assistant Quartermaster. 

POST MEMBERS. 

Ale, Eli K. Davis, Ethelbert 

Anderson, Edward M. Disbrow, James P. 

Anthony, Nathaniel Edmonds, Walter 

Burbank, Orrin A. Fox, George W. 
Blackwood, Thomas » Good, Edwin R., 

Campbell, Edward L. Horner, Lafayette 

Cahill, Andrew Howell, William R. 

Cubberley, George W. Hughes, Alfred 

Cadwallader, Cyrus Hazlett, John 



10 



ON TO RICHMOND! 



Howard, Edward R. 
Hatton, William 
Hughes, Theodore 
Ivory, Richard C. 
Laird, Matthew R. 
Lanning, Harry B. 
Lowry, J. 
Lawton, Joseph 
Mendham, William 
Mains, Bishop W. 
McGowan, William 
McDanolds, James S. 
Marclaskey, Charles 



Phillips, Joseph W. 
Pullen, Frank A. 
Richards, Edward V. 
Sparmaker, J. W. 
Seaman, Charles 
Taylor, James C, Jr. 
Titus, Uriel B. 
Vansyckle, Caleb C. 
Withington, James 
Williams, Curies T. 
Wilkes, Peter 
Warner, John 
Zerman, Weistling 



INVITED VETERANS. 



Abbott, Thomas 
Lavake, Thomas W.. 
Udy, George W. 



Lewis, Joseph M. 
Slack, Charles A. 
Kerr, Andrew 



AUXILIARY MEMBERS. 



Brewer, Hon. John Hart 
Gulick, Hon. Henry C. 
Cranmer, George T. 
Buchanan, Hon. James 
Minster, Chas. L., M. D., 
Stanley, James R. 
Murphy, Edw. H., Esq., 
Buxton, George 
Taylor, Zachariah T. 
Everingham, William S. 
Parks, Garret D. 
Walker, Absalom J. 
Devereux, William K. 
Witel, John C. 
Bechtel, Valentine 
Grover, William 
Lenox, William H. 



Exton, Hon. Adam 
Mellor, Charles 
Brock, Harry D., M. D. 
McCoy, William H. 
Sutphin, James T. 
Holcomb, C. T. 
Britton, W. Ogden 
Crossley, Lewis R. 
Spracklen, Peter P. 
Spracklen, George W. 
Brook, James F. 
Haines, Walter 
Barwis, Charles P. 
Lee, Albert W. 
Everett, Frank 
Whittaker, George R. 
Young, Alex. C. 



ON TO RICHMOND! 



11 



Woolley, Albert M. 
Doran, William T. 
Fields, Timothy Jr. 
Ashworth, Thomas H. 
Reese, Thomas D. 
West, J. H. 
Young, William S. 
Young, Charles H. 
Crozer, Malcomb 
Bunting, Joseph M. 
Gordon, William F. 
Boyd, Thomas E. 
Hazen Phineas K. 
Delp, George H. 
Siddall, Thomas 



Nicklin, Henry 
Hart, W. C. Rockhill 
Box, John G. 
Robbins, Hon. Clayton 
Davis, Jeremiah 
Carr, Griffith W. 
Kersey, James E. 
Cowgill, Joseph C. 
Stockton, Allan R. 
Kuhn, Anthony 
Heath, J. Frank 
Howell, Joseph W. 
Mackenize, Joseph W. 
Priest, Voorhees D. 
Bray. T. S. 



BAND. 



Albert Winkler, Leader, 


Eb Cornet. 


Emil Winkler, 


Eb Cornet. 


Gustav Winkler, 


Bb Cornet. 


William Kirk, 


Bb Cornet. 


C. Messerschmidt, 


Eb Clarionet 


M. F. Aledo, 


Saxophone. 


David James, 


- Alto. 


E. P. Southwick, - 


Alto. 


Jacob Mayer, 


Trombone. 


Samuel Gamble, 


Trombone.. 


Gottwald Winkler, 


Baritone. 


Matt. Hill, - 


Basso. 


Alfred Huddy, 


- 


Ed. McClurg, 


S. Drum. 


J. Ruggaber, 


- B. Drum. 


Geo. Caraker, 


F. & Cymbals. 


William Capple, 


- Band Baggage Master 


John J. Ford, 


Caterer. 


George Hettiger, Jr., 


Barber. 



12 ON TO RICHMOND! 



THE START. 



"There she comes!" "There she comes!" 
shouted the vast multitude of people who stood on 
the dock at the wire mill basin, on Sunday morning, 
October 16th, 1881, as they saw the "Gratitude" 
steaming up the canal on her way to the dock to take 
on board Aaron Wilkes Post, No. 23, G. A. R. 
"Ain't she a beauty?" " See how nice she rides the 
water," is the remark made by many lookers-on. " I 
bet the boys will have a nice trip," says another. 
Many complimentary remarks are passed upon the 
" Gratitude " as she comes alongside the wharf with 
all her flags flying. 

Our boys have assembled at our rooms and are 
soon at the wharf. We soon enter the boat, and 
take on board many of our friends who wish to 
accompany us as far as Philadelphia. 

All is ready, and the cry "all aboard" is given, 
and we move slowly out of the basin into the canal. 
Hundreds of people line the shore on either side of 
the canal, and bid us good-bye by the waving of 
handkerchiefs and the swinging of hats. 

We are soon let through the locks and are now 
beyond the city, which we can see slowly sinking in 
the distance. Arriving at Bordentown, we are let 
out into the river, where we are immediately 
challenged by the small steam propeller "Emma 
Exton," of Trenton. We soon leave her in our 
wake and continue our trip down the river in high 
spirits. The trip down the river is greatly enjoyed 
by ourselves and friends, and at one o'clock we pull 
up alongside the dock at Philadelphia. 

At 1:10 p. m. we left the dock at Philadelphia, 
where we touched to let off our many friends who 
accompanied us from Trenton. We also took on 



ON TO RICHMOND! 13 

board Col. E. H. Murphy, Chairman of the Auxil- 
iary Corps, and Dr. Minster, who were awaiting our 
arrival there. As the "Gratitude" steamed out 
from her dock, on her way down the Delaware, she 
was saluted by many passing steamers who knew her 
errand, and who were answered by three shrill whis- 
tles of the " Gratitude." Our boat seemed to enter 
into the very spirit of the occasion. In her neat, 
trim condition, with all her flags flying, she steamed 
as proudly down the stream as if she had been the 
flag-ship of all the navies of the world. 

Captain Kidd never felt prouder of his craft and 
crew than did our own Commander on this occasion, 
and every man on board did his best to show to our 
General that he need not be ashamed of those whom 
he had the honor to command. So, with " our gal- 
lant captain and his gallant crew," we started on a 
voyage which will long be remembered as one of the 
most pleasant in our lives. After we passed Philadel- 
phia and entered out into the stream where the 
Delaware seems more like a bay than a river, the 
boys felt that they were leaving home. Casting our 
eyes back, we could see the City of Brotherly Love 
fast receding in the distance. Soon her lofty spires 
were lost to view. We are now upon strange waters. 
The Delaware here does not seem the same old his- 
toric Delaware that flows by our very doors at Tren- 
ton. We leave the seats upon which we have been 
silently sitting and thinking, and listlessly move 
about, not knowing how to break the spell which has 
bound us. 

" Ship ahoy !" cried one of our boys as one of the 
magnificent steamships of the American line passed 
by us loaded with emigrants. We were answered by 
the loud huzzas and the waving of handkerchiefs and 
hats by all on board the mammoth boat. 

A little further on we pass the city of Chester, at 



14 ON TO RICHMOND! 

2:40 p. m. Chester is a city of about 14,000 inhabi- 
tants. Here are located Roach's great ship building 
yards, where many of our gun-boats and war vessels 
were built. It is said that these "yards" are the 
largest in the world. 

At 3:40 p. m. we steam by the city of Wilmington, 
the largest city in the State of Delaware. Wilming- 
ton is noted for its great tanneries, and its manufac- 
turing and commercial industries. 

We reach Newcastle at 4:05 p. m. Here is located 
one of the most extensive iron works in the country. 

We are now getting out into the deep, lumpy 
waters of the bay, and our little boat is showing the 
boys that she is not afraid to stem the tide. "What 
do you think of the boat now, General? Ain't she 
a daisy?" asked Capt. Withington of our Com- 
mander. "She's a fine boat; a fine boat," replied 
the General. All this time she is ploughing through 
the water at the rate of fifteen miles an hour, passing 
all vessels on the bay and soon leaving them out of 
sight. 

At 4:35 p. m. we pass Fort Delaware, a fortification 
built to protect the entrance to the Delaware from 
invasion by belligerent vessels. This fort is under 
the charge of an Ordnance Sergeant. He is the 
only soldier stationed at the fort. After leaving 
Fort Delaware the boys settled themselves down, 
and all on board made preparations for their long, 
but very enjoyable trip. Valises were unpacked, 
clothing changed, pipes brought out, and every man 
seemed to think that- this week was cut out for his 
sole comfort and benefit. The weather was delight- 
ful, and the cool salt air from off the bay seemed to 
exhilarate and enliven the entire company. Jokes 
were freely passed, army experiences related, and all 
manner of enjoyment that would tend to add mirth 
to the occasion was freely indulged in. 



ON TO RICHMOND! 15 

At 5:15 p. m. we arrived at Delaware City. Here 
is a "lock" which lets vessels in and out of the 
Chesapeake canal. This is called the inside passage, 
and in stormy weather nearly all the smaller vessels 
prefer to take this route, as it cuts off a very danger- 
ous outside passage around Cape Charles, Cape 
Henlopen, and other rough points on the coast. The 
canal is about fourteen miles in length, and its width 
varies from one hundred yards to a quarter of a mile. 
It being Sunday, and contrary to the rules of the 
company to let vessels through on that day, we thought 
we would be compelled to lie over until morning. 
A committee was appointed to wait upon the super- 
intendent and see if he would let us through. We 
were surprised when the superintendent told us he 
had received a telegram from Mr. Thomas Vanhorn, 
of Trenton, requesting that we be permitted to pass. 
The gates were opened and we were locked through, 
and were soon on our way rejoicing. The boys laid 
in a large stock of postal cards at this place. 

At 5:55 we passed through the beautiful little town 
of St. George. Supper being nearly ready and all 
on board being very hungry, and darkness falling 
upon us fast, we lost all interest in things on shore. 

Here we met with our only accident. The canal 
at this point is very shallow. Our boat sheered too 
close to the bank, and the screw of the vessel struck 
a rock and lost one of its fans. The boys all ran to 
the side of the boat to see if we were sinking, but 
their fears soon allayed, and we moved on. 

We arrived at Chesapeake City at 8:45 m tne 
evening, where we met with a surprise that brought 
forth a unanimous expression of thanks from all on 
board the "Gratitude." As our Commander and 
Adjutant went off the boat to send a telegram to 
Richmond, they were met by a delegation of ladies, 
who handed them a large covered paper box, telling 



16 ON TO RICHMOND! 

them it was a present from the ladies of Chesapeake 
City to Aaron Wilkes Post. Upon opening the box, 
it was found to contain a handsome button-hole 
bouquet for every member of the Post. A card was 
also in the box, which read as follows: "With the 
compliments of Mrs. T. B. Hopper and Mrs. H. H. 
Brady, at the suggestion of one of the lady friends 
of the Post from Trenton." The lady's name was 
not given, but it is known to be Mrs. S. J. Chandler. 
We had no opportunity of expressing our thanks to 
the ladies at that time, but our Commander said we 
would stop on our way home and thank the ladies in 
an appropriate manner. Prof. Winkler discoursed 
some choice selections, and we then moved on to 
other scenes. 

After leaving Chesapeake City we entered Back 
Creek, one of the harbors of the bay, and after a 
four-mile voyage we turned our bow into Elk river. 
Elk river is a tributary, about fifteen miles long, and 
with the Susquehanna and Sassafras rivers forms a 
junction, and empties into the Chesapeake bay. At 
this outlet it is said to be one of the finest harbors 
along the bay. 

After partaking of supper, which was heartily 
enjoyed by all on board, we made "preparations" 
to turn in for the night. We are now off Turkey 
Point Lighthouse, 10:30 p. m. 

If our friends at home could but look upon us this 
very moment, we know not whether they would 
laugh or cry. Each man has his straw mattress and 
army blanket in his arms, and is ready to go to bed. 
Mind you, friends, our boat is not a large, spacious 
boat, with elegant saloons and state-rooms, but is a 
three-story boat, without rooms, or even enclosed, 
and as we lay ourselves down there is nothing 
between us and the twinkling stars. 

"Well, here goes," cries one of our boys, as he 



ON TO RICHMOND! 17 

throws his mattress down upon the deck, and lies 
down upon it. Others begin to follow, and all those 
who desire to go to bed are soon stretched upon their 
backs. To get asleep seems to be impossible. The 
heavy thumping of- the boat, the splashing of the 
waves, and the cold draughts of air passing over us, 
drives sleep from our eyelids, and we roll and toss 
until we become tired, and many of us get up and 
go to the side of the ship and look out upon the 
dark waters for consolation. After becoming thor- 
oughly tired out our Congressman threw himself upon 
the floor, with his feet at an angle of forty-five degrees, 
and was soon in the arms of Morpheus as well as in 
the lap of Sheriff Robbins, who lay by his side. . Our 
genial friend, Adam Exton, says, "Aye, lads, hit's 
han henjoyable haffair." Much laughter was indulged 
in over his efforts to arrange his bed for the night. 
His feet were forever coming in contact with the 
open door, rendering all efforts to sleep impossible. 
E. H. Murphy, Dr. Brock, C. T. Williams, Capt. 
Seaman, Wm. Young, Capt. Titus and others of our 
members and guests, finding sleep impossible, kept 
the "silent vigils of the night." We passed Pool's 
Island at 11:20 p. m. fifteen miles from Turkey Point 
Light House. The night is dark and gloomy and 
the light at our foremast casts its flickering rays 
ahead, where the white caps of the bay can be 
faintly seen rearing their heads aloft, as though some 
weird spirit of the deep would remind us of our 
danger. 

We passed Annapolis, Md., at 12:45 A - M - Tues- 
day. Annapolis is thirty miles from Pool's Island, 
and is the seat of the government Naval Academy. 
We then came to Thomas' Point Light House, ten 
miles from Annapolis, at 2 o'clock a. m., where it 
became very foggy. We did not see land again 
until 4:45 in the morning. Every man appeared to 



18 ON TO RICHMOND! 

be satisfied with his night's rest, and at 5 o'clock in 
the morning all were up, washed and "dressed," 
gazing out upon the blue waters of the historic Chesa- 
peake, where, twenty years ago, many took their 
course to Richmond under different circumstances. 
At about 6:30 in the morning the "glorious orb of 
day" peeped its head out of the eastern waters, and 
soon spread its golden light over the deep. 

We then passed Cove Point, the mouth of the 
Pawtuxet river. Cove Point is thirty miles from 
Thomas' Point Light House, and is one of the 
best harbors along the Chesapeake. At 6:45 A - M - 
we passed Point Lookout, where the atmosphere 
became very thick and foggy. We saw four steamers 
in the fog with us. We next passed York Spit Light 
House, about eighteen miles from the Wolf Trap, 
about 9 o'clock a. m., where we went in on the shoals 
and took soundings. The lead was thrown several 
times and the whistle was blown at short intervals. 
The fog passed away about 10 o'clock, and as it lifted 
it revealed to all on board our boat a beautiful sight. 
The bay became as a mirror. Not a ripple could be 
seen. As far as the eye could reach you could see 
nothing but the smooth glassy surface of the bay. 

Wild ducks and geese are plenty in this part of the 
bay, and we had some rare sport shooting them from 
the bow of our vessel. Congressman Brewer, Mr. 
Witel, Mr. Barwis and myself were fortunate in 
killing our birds. Mr. Brewer was presented with a 
tin badge for his good marksmanship. The bay 
was alive with these birds but we had to leave them 
behind. 



FORTRESS MONROE. 

We kept ploughing our way through the water at 
the same rate of speed that we had kept up all night. 



ON TO RICHMOND r 19 

All on board seemed to be in happy spirits. Some 
were playing cards, some writing letters, some 
smoking, and others singing. At 12 o'clock we 
hove in sight of Fortress Monroe, about fifteen miles 
in the distance. Every one is now up and on the 
lookout, for we are now upon the very threshold of 
the stirring scenes of the war. We are now within 
range of the guns of the fortress, and a half hour 
more brings us up alongside the dock, where many 
go ashore to mail their letters and send telegrams to 
Richmond. 

Here an amusing scene occurred. Congressman 
Brewer and Dr. Brock, on their way from the post- 
office, overtook an old colored man who was driving 
an ox and cart, from the appearance of which one 
might think had been long in use during the rebel- 
lion. By some persuasive means they induced the 
darkey to let them get in and drive the team. 
Messrs. Brewer and Brock mounted the seat, and 
placing the old negro in the bottom of the cart, came 
driving down to the wharf just in time to catch the 
boat. They were greeted with hoots and yells by all 
on board the boat, terrifying the old darkey very 
much. "Fo' de Lo'd sake," he exclaimed, " whar 
is you takin' dis child ?" 

We lay at the wharf here but a short time, and 
after buying all the pies and cakes from the colored 
women assembled at the dock, we hauled in the 
ropes, and at 1:10 p. m. we steamed away. 

Here we met a company of Southern soldiers from 
Suffolk, on board a steam propeller, on their way to 
Yorktown. We saluted each other with three cheers, 
and our band started up " Dixie," the favorite June 
of the South. Two large, iron-clad French vessels 
of war were lying off the fortress, and as we passed 
between them they honored us by beating all their 
men to quarters. 



20 ON TO RICHMOND! 

As we passed by the great forts, whose parapets 
were lined with the great, black "dogs of war," 
which seemed to threaten us with instant destruction, 
it reminded us of our helpless condition if the guns 
of the fort were opened upon us. 

After we had passed the French war vessels our 
boat entered upon the very identical spot (according 
to history,) where the famous Peace Commissioners 
held their conference on board of a United States 
steamer. Here it was where President Lincoln and 
Secretary Seward informed Alex. H. Stephens, R. 
M. T. Hunter and Judge John A. Campbell, South- 
ern Peace Commissioners, that upon no other basis 
could they treat upon the question of peace but upon 
the basis of entire submission to the national authority. 
I say that we are now upon the identical spot where 
this famous meeting took place. 

The waters around about Fortress Monroe are all 
historic. We leave this spot and are now in Hamp- 
ton Roads, where took place one of the greatest 
naval battles of the war. The Merrimac came steaming 
down the Elizabeth river, from Portsmouth, to destroy 
the wooden war vessels stationed at Fortress Monroe. 
The Merrimac was succeeding well in her work. 
The Cumberland and Congress fought a good fight, 
but were now sinking, when the Monitor makes her 
appearance and soon disables and drives the Merri- 
mac away. Just as the Cumberland was about to go 
under the water, she fired a shot which entered the 
port-hole of the Merrimac and killed and wounded 
seventeen persons, among whom was the commander. 
As the Cumberland sank, she took down with her one 
of our honored citizens, Chaplain Lenhart, formerly 
of this city, whose body still lies in the cabin of the 
sunken vessel. 

All the boys on board the boat seemed to take 
great interest in all they saw at this place. Conver- 



ON TO RICHMOND! 21 

sation ran high. Questions were asked, and explained 
by those who knew. Notes were taken by many. 
" I should like to have seen that great naval fight," 
said one. "Yes, but it wouldn't have been healthy 
for us to have been on board of this boat at the 
time," replied another. 

Our boat cannot wait for us to look long upon the 
scene, for we soon round the point, and Fortress 
Monroe and the Rip Raps fade in the distance. The 
boys take out their pipes, and, gathering in groups, 
talk over the incidents that occurred here many 
years ago. 



THE JAMES RIVER. 

As we round the point at Fortress Monroe, and 
enter upon the placid bosom of the James River, 
every man on board the boat who had worn the blue 
uniform, seemed to realise that he was now about to 
enter upon familiar grounds. How different is the 
occasion of our trip up this noble river from what it 
was nearly twenty years ago. Then we went armed 
to the teeth with the implements of war, ready to 
plunge the dagger to the heart of our own kin. 
Now we go to draw out the dripping blade, and heal 
the wounds inflicted, by deeds of love and kindness, 
and forgiveness. 

We leave here with the intention of running as far 
as City Point, and there rest for the night. Our 
boat has been on the go for thirty hours, and we 
long for the coming night. 

While gliding up the James River we passed the 
ruins of Jamestown, the first English settlement in 
America. Settled in 1607, it was abandoned 150 
years ago on account of its unhealthful location. 
The thoughts of Pocahontas and Capt. Smith, and 
Powhaton, came up afresh as we viewed there relics 



22 ON TO RICHMOND! 

of the first settlers. All that remains is part of the 
old church tower, a chimney or two and a few old 
headstones. The church tower is yet thirty feet high 
and is built of English brick. It was built before 
the Puritans landed at Plymouth. This, and the few 
headstones, are the oldest relics of the early English 
settlers in America. 

We push on. The day is a lovely one. Every 
one on board is scanning the shore on both sides of 
the river trying to get a glimpse of some familiar 
spot. We soon come to Harrison's Landing, where 
many of our boys had been before. Here is where 
McClellan was forced to take refuge under the guns 
of the Union fleet during his Peninsula campaign. 
Grant also was compelled, after the battle of Cold 
Harbor, to cross the James River near this point, 
having failed to take Richmond from the north. 

We come now to Charles City Landing. Here 
the Confederate army was stationed for some time 
during a period of the war. It is now getting dark, 
and we find it impossible to reach City Point at a 
reasonable hour, so our pilot turns the prow of the 
boat toward the shore, and we soon reach the wharf 
at Wilcox Landing, where we stop for the night. 
We are now sixty-two miles from Fortress Monroe, 
and fifteen miles from City Point. 



WILCOX LANDING. 

JOHNNIE AND WILLIE WADDLE. 

Wilcox Landing derives its name from two brothers 
bearing that name. According to the stories of the 
darkies whom we met here, these two brothers did 
not join the Confederate army, but kept up a con- 
tinous warfare in the bushes along the river after the 
guerilla order. These brothers have two large plan- 



1 



^^::_ 

mi P\ 






v 







ON TO RICHMOND! 23 

tations here and are considered of the " first families " 
of Virginia. According to the stories of the darkies 
the Confederate army was stationed near this place 
during the war. 

An amusing incident took place upon our arrival 
at Wilcox Landing. There is but one store at this 
place, and as Squire Prentiss, an old darkey, said, it 
was kept by "Johnnie and Willie Waddle." It 
appears that about four years ago, a party of men 
visited this place, in a boat, on a dark night, and 
bound the Waddles hand and foot, and carried off 
the entire contents of the store. As soon as we 
landed at the wharf, out went the lights in the store, 
the shutters were fastened, the doors bolted, and 
everything made as secure as a fortress. Of course 
our boys did not know what it meant, and as soon 
as we made fast to the dock, many sauntered up to 
the store to buy tobacco, but could effect no entrance. 
We knew some persons were in the store, and we 
hallowed to them, and received a faint answer from 
the second story, telling us the "boss" was away, 
and there was no key to let us in. We knew that 
was not so, and that their fright alone kept them 
from letting us in. We expostulated and begged to 
be admitted. "We are neither thieves nor Yankee 
soldiers; won't you let us in? We want to buy 
some tobacco," cried one of our men. No response 
came. Notwithstanding all efforts made by ourselves 
and some friends of the Waddles, we could not 
enter. One of the darkies said, "When d'as see a 
boat come round de pint, d'as always skeerd." This 
incident was the occasion of the formation of the 
" Waddle Association," of which we are all members. 
Appropriate badges were made on board the boat by 
Mr. Wm, Devereux, and presented to each man, 
who wore it as a token of their appreciation of 
"Johnnie and Willie Waddle." 



24 ON TO RICHMOND! 

GWINE TO JINE DE ARMY, TOO. 

At Wilcox Landing we had the great pleasure of 
meeting many darkies, who came to trade at the 
store located at this point, and the only one for 
miles around. I say we had the pleasure of meeting 
some of the oddest creatures who bear the semblance 
of humanity. It made some of our most intelligent 
citizens, who have never come in contact with the 
original primitive character of the Southern negro, 
to almost hang their heads with shame to think that 
in this intelligent and enlightened country, and in 
this age of progression, that these creatures of God 
were compelled to take and keep their place as low 
in the race of life. 

Mrs. Southworth's portrayal of Southern plantation 
scenes has never been too highly colored. The boys 
brought about a dozen of these creatures aboard the 
boat, and they entertained our party until bedtime 
with some of their original plantation songs and 
church hymns. There was neither tune, metre or 
rhyme, but all their songs were rendered in the same 
hum-drum manner. They knew no complete parts 
of any song, but sang it by short catches, filling in 
the verse by any words that might come into the. 
mind of the "leader." When asked to sing one of 
their favorite church tunes, the leader began thus — 



" I am runnin' thro' de mountains, 
Jesus my Lord in de mornin' soon, 
I'm gwine to jine de army, too, 
Yes. Jesus am a comin'. 

" I went up to Richmond, 
Lee he took me prisoner — 

Took my knapsack, musket and haggage, too, 
I'se gwine to jine de army." 

They sang several other songs or hymns for us in 
their innocent simplicity. Those who did not sing 



ON TO RICHMOND! 25 

helped keep time with their feet, bearing a sad, 
earnest countenance. 

Another one of their songs ran thus : 

' Children, I'se got a letter, 
Dat Jesus am a comin,' 
Children, I'se got a letter, 

I want to go to Heaben when I die." 

We met many peculiar characters among these old 
and young darkies. They are very much dissatisfied 
with their employers, and want to leave the place 
and " Go No'f," as they expressed it. The average 
salary of these darkies is twelve dollars per month. 
Their rent is only one dollar per month. They work 
from sunrise to sunset. They say very little of the 
product of the farm is given them. They are very 
ignorant, having seen but few civilized men. Nearly 
every one of these creatures wanted to go with us. 
"Are you married?" asked one of our boys. "Yes, 
I'se married," said the darkey addressed. " Well, 
what will become of your wife if you go with us?" 
The darkey did not know what to say. He had 
never taken her into consideration. Upon being 
pressed for an answer, he slowly said, " Oh, she gits 
along some way." Many other things could be said 
but we must stop. When Prof. Winkler's band began 
to play some of its spirited tunes, nearly every dar- 
key ran to the side of the boat and listened atten- 
tively to every strain. A number of them said it 
was the first band they had heard since the war. 

We wound up the night's festivities by collecting 
all the darkies upon the wharf, under the leadership 
of Captain Withington, and while one whistled or 
sang, the others joined in one of their old original 
plantation "breakdowns." After each dance Cap- 
tain W T ithington would give each one a drink of 
"water" from a large pitcher he held in his hand, 
which seemed to enliven them very much. They 



26 ON TO RICHMOND! 

kept up this sport long into the hours of night. After 
becoming weary, Captain Withington told them all 
to go home. It was with great difficulty that they 
were dispersed, and long into the night we could 
hear their joyous songs from over the water and 
through the wooded glen. 

Before they left, General Campbell asked one of 
the most intelligent of the number if they heard the 
guns at Malvern Hill, which is only five or six miles 
distant from this place. "Oh, yes, massa; I heerd 
de guns, kase I was dar." They all remember indis- 
tinctly some incidents of the war. 

Our boys enjoyed themselves very much during 
the day and evening, and now prepared to get a good 
night's rest. Mr. "Vory" Priest was appointed as 
guard during the night, and in a short time all was 
still. Nothing occurred to disturb our slumbers 
except now and then the sonorous voice of " 'Bijah," 
who, at intervals, would cry out, " If anybody is dis- 
satisfied with their trip, call on ' Jim ' Taylor in the 
morning, and he will give you your money back." 



CITY POINT. 

We left Wilcox Landing at 6: 10 on Tuesday morn- 
ing, and arrived at City Point at 7 o'clock, where 
we were saluted by five or six U. S. Monitors lying 
at this point, by dipping their colors. We answered 
by three shrill whistles. Our band also played some 
sweet music. 

City Point needs no description at my hands. 
Grant made it famous by establishing his base of 
operations and supplies at this point during the war. 
McClellan was also here, and history records the 
facts. But let me say to those who were here during 



ON TO RICHMOND! 27 

the war, and have not seen the place since, that the 
ravages of time have had no perceptible effect upon 
this point and its surroundings. We did not make 
a landing here, but merely touched to let off Mr. 
George W. Cubberley, who wished to visit Major 
Tantum, on his farm near this place. 

City Point was not only the headquarters of the 
army, but here was also established the hospital for 
all the soldiers who were wounded in front of Peters- 
burg, which is about twenty miles from here. 



NEARING RICHMOND. 

We continue our course, and in a few moments see 
on our left the mouth of the Appomattox river, 
along which the. mighty armies of Grant and Lee 
were watching each other for many months. A 
short distance further and we are at Bermuda Hun- 
dred, a place that bears a prominent part in the his- 
tory of the war. A few miles further and we come 
to a bend in the river where we have a fine view of 
Malvern Hill, one of McClellan's old battle grounds. 
We continued our journey up the river a few miles 
and entered the Dutch Gap Canal, built by Gen. 
Butler. This was the most important military point 
of all the defences of Richmond, as it was here that 
Fort Darling and Howlett's battery were located to 
prevent the Union gunboats from steaming up the 
James river to Richmond. The Union land attack 
at this point was repulsed May, 1862. We next 
come to Fort Harrison, which was captured by the 
Union troops in 1864. The river from City Point 
to Richmond shows evidence of the war all along, 
dykes, obstructions and pontoon bridge landings 
remain here yet. As we pass Fort Darling, (or 



28 ON TO RICHMOND! 

Drewrey's Bluff, as the "rebels" called the place,) 
the spires of the churches of Richmond, situated on 
the many hills of the city, and the large tobacco 
factories, and the northern part of the city, become 
plainly visible. Great bustle now takes place on 
board our boat. Orders fly thick and fast, the flags 
are run up, things put hurriedly to rights, and all 
preparations made to capture the city. "Onward !" 
was the word. A few moments more, and we are 
winding our way through the shipping in the harbor. 
We see great crowds of colored people upon the piers 
and docks ; bunting is flying from the mastheads of 
all the vessels, and from all the windows and doors 
of dwellings and factories. It seemed as though the 
ex-Confederates were showing a bold front, and were 
waiting to give us a " warm reception." We run up 
to the dock, make fast, and soon a committee of 
"rebel" soldiers, in company with the Mayor of 
Richmond, enter our boat and hand over the keys 
of the city to our commandant, General Campbell. 
"Richmond is ours ! Richmond is ours ! " is the cry 
carried from mouth to mouth. But we have reckoned 
without our hosts. They have captured us. Body 
and hearts we are theirs. Rebel troops who were 
lying in wait, came upon us and not only demanded 
from us their Mayor, who was being closely ques- 
tioned and cross questioned in the cabin by Gen. 
Campbell, Col. E. H. Murphy, Col. James Buchanan, 
Col. J. H. Brewer, Col. J. C. Taylor, Jr., and a few 
subordinate officers — Exton, Brock, Seaman, Ivory, 
Gulick, Robbins, Cranmer and others, but demanded 
in the name of the State of Virginia, in the name of 
the city of Richmond, in the name of all the Con- 
federate soldiers who had met us upon many a bloody 
field of battle, that we were their prisoners. 



ON TO RICHMOND ! 29 



RICHMOND. 



Gen. Campbell fell us in line and marched us out 
upon the wharf, where we saw the "rebel " troops 
in line ready to receive us. We were marched out 
into an open space and halted directly in front of 
where they stood. Here Gen. Campbell was form- 
ally introduced to the mayor of the city of Rich- 
mond, Hon. Mr. Carrington, who welcomed us and 
offered us the hospitality of the city in substantially 
the following words : 

" Soldiers of the North, allow me to extend to you 
a kindly greeting in behalf of the soldiers of the 
South, and of the whole people of the Old Dominion. 
We greet you with a warm feeling of chivalrous free- 
dom. My heart is always with you in your endeav- 
ors to bring about a union of fraternal friendship, 
and I stretch my hand out to you — not across a 
bloody chasm, for, thank God, there is no bloody 
chasm now — but in a spirit of true loyalty, and wel- 
come you to our homes. We all know what war is. 
It has left its desolating mark throughout the whole 
land. Thank God, it is over. May we now live 
together in unity and peace. Soldiers, you are all 
welcome to the sacred soil of Virginia, and during 
your brief sojourn among us may you feel that you 
are among friends and brothers. Again, General 
and soldiers, allow me to extend to you all the hos- 
pitalities of the people of the city of Richmond." 

Every man among us felt the tears trickling down 
his cheek while these words were being said, for we 
saw from the very start that they were the expressions 
of the heart. After he was through speaking our 
boys gave him three of our old-time cheers. 



30 ON TO RICHMOND! 

General Campbell then stepped forward, and in 
reply, said : 

"Mr. Mayor, and friends, of the City of Richmond : 

"It is a pleasant task my comrades have assigned 
me, to return our warmest, heartiest thanks for the 
generous welcome you have given us to your fair and 
famous city. 

"We are but a handful of private citizens — lately 
Union soldiers — with a few friends. We have set 
out to participate in the centennial celebration of an 
event which deeply moves the heart of every patri- 
otic citizen, and indeed of every lover of liberty the 
world over — the final victory of that eventful contest 
which vindicated the right of man to self-govern- 
ment. We have extended our journey by sailing up 
your beautiful river to historic Richmond. There is 
scarcely one of our number who does not bear in his 
person, by the absence of a favorite limb or other- 
wise, some token of your former regard. We have 
all suffered like yourselves, in many ways not now to 
be recounted, the afflictions consequent upon the un- 
happy civil discord from which our country so lately 
emerged. Upon calling the roll, we find that several 
of our number have been here before — when they 
did not intend to come. They tell us they put up 
at a hotel which has acquired considerable fame 
among us, more perhaps than any other of your 
hotels, famous as they are. They tell us also that it 
was kept upon the European plan — they didn't get 
what they didn't order. 

"Yet we are more than delighted to clasp you by 
the hands. In so doing, we believe we can offer you 
the heart also of every Union soldier. We desire 
to assure you that we entertain no trace of animosity, 
but that, on the other hand, we love you as brothers 
and fellow-citizens of this great republic. We will 



ON TO RICHMOND! 31 

always realize an especial pleasure in exchanging 
courtesies and civilities with you. The same love 
for the Union established by your fathers and ours, 
which led us to contend for its preservation, prompts 
us to desire — earnestly desire — that it should be a 
union of hearts as well as of hands ; that it should 
be one homogeneous political brotherhood through- 
out its entire length and breadth. 

"We have reason to know something of your 
courage — your abundant endowment with all the 
qualities which go to make up the perfect soldier ; 
and we honor you for it, we esteem you the more 
worthy your regard for having so gallantly displayed 
upon the battlefield the qualities we claim for our 
race and nation. We especially esteem you as having 
had the courage of your convictions — a virtue not so 
nearly universal as it should be in this favored land 
of unfettered speech and action. 

" We have always believed that when the blue and 
the grey were arrayed in hostile camps, it was not 
because of any root of bitterness in our hearts; not 
because of anything which required that we should 
personally hate each. other. The proofs of this were 
frequent, and sometimes touching. It would take 
volumes to recite them, I trust some soldier who can 
command the necessary leisure will undertake the 
task of doing so. We must now content ourselves 
with saying, that throughout that long struggle, 
we constantly witnessed the indications that under- 
neath the necessary rigor of military duty ; under- 
neath the aggressive zeal and firm resolve born of 
deep, adverse belief, there still burned the vestal 
flame of brotherly love, which was kindled a hundred 
years ago when here in your honored city the voices 
of Jefferson, Henry, the Lees, and others of immor- 
tal memory, answered to those of Hancock, Adams 
and Warren. We believed that the welfare of our 



32 ON TO RICHMOND! 

country — our whole country: — the prosperity and 
happiness of the generations by whom we are to be 
succeeded, the cause of human liberty and progress 
the world over, were bound up in the preservation of 
that Union for the establishment of which your 
fathers and ours pledged " their lives, their fortunes 
and their sacred honor" — that Union which is 
sacred in our hearts as having been purchased by 
their lives, cemented by their blood, and hallowed 
by their prayers and tears. From our point of 
view we sincerely believed, whether right or 
wrong, (and we think we do not overstate that 
belief), that it would be better that every arms- 
bearing man in our country should fall ; that 
every wife should be made a widow and every 
child an orphan ; nay, even more than this, horrible 
as is the thought, that our continent should again 
become a virgin wilderness, and its habitation by 
civilized man recommenced from the beginning ; than 
that we should be broken up into dissevered and hos- 
tile factions, each the football and scorn of nations 
which have derided the great experiment and ridi- 
culed the essential doctrines which lie at its founda- 
tion. Please do us the justice to observe that there 
was nothing selfish in all this ; nothing which tended 
to kindle personal hatred or rancor toward those who 
differed with us in opinion, and who were willing to 
maintain their convictions with their swords. Right 
or wrong, it was the love of liberty, of humanity, of our 
"dear bought American liberties;" the love taught 
us by Washington, Jefferson and Madison, the immor- 
tal sons of the grand old commonwealth of Virginia 
— eldest of the sisterhood — mother of statesmen and 
presidents — that arrayed us in arms against you. If 
there were any who were animated by different 
motives, we are constrained to believe they were not 
those who were found upon the line of battle on 
either side. 



ON TO RICHMOND! 33 

" Fellow citizens of this grand old commonwealth 
of Virginia, permit us, who were so lately arrayed in 
arms against you, to lay at your feet a friendly chal- 
lenge. We invite you to an amicable rivalry, as to 
who, in future shall be most true and faithful to that 
star spangled emblem of constitutional liberty, with 
all that it symbolizes. As we have contended with 
each other in arms, let us contend with each other in 
the more inviting walks of peace. As we have vied 
with each other in the courage of the battle field, let 
us emulate each other in the higher courage required 
to be good and fearless citizens. Let us do our part 
to swell the great ocean current of our national life, 
which, in spite of all the froth and foam and drift 
upon the surface, will sweep on to its God-appointed 
destiny." 

At the close of General Campbell's speech, for the 
first time since the war, we heard that familiar " rebel 
yell." It reminded us of some of the gallant charges 
these boys in gray made upon our strong lines, some- 
times carrying all before them, as much by that terri- 
fying sound, as by their dauntless heroism, and some- 
times being hurled back with terrible loss of life. We 
all remembered the peculiar sound — Hi ! hi ! hi ! hi ! 

These addresses appeared to strike the keynote, 
and gave a tone to the affair, which followed it to 
the end. The route of march was then taken up, 
the Mayor leading, with Hon. John Hart Brewer, 
Gen. E. L. Campbell and James Withington a mem- 
ber of the executive committee, in his carriage ; next 
a carriage, thoughtfully sent to convey any of our 
number who might be minus a leg, or have one or 
more unfit for duty on a march, which was occupied 
by Thomas Abbott, Esq.; next came Winkler's band ; 
next followed the large delegation of our hosts, and 
finally ourselves, "all present or accounted for." 



34 ON TO RICHMOND! 

The line being formed, the two commands pro- 
ceeded up Main street to Fifth, up Fifth to Frank- 
lin, up Franklin to First, First to Broad, Broad to 
Fifth, Fifth to Grace, Grace to the Capitol Square, 
thence to Twelfth and Clay to Sanger Halle. 

A stream of colored women and children on each 
sidewalk followed abreast of us throughout the long 
march, and seemed almost overjoyed, from some 
cause, not entirely clear. The laugher, dancer, can- 
terer, pacer, ambler, trotted, and alternated in every 
mock of bi-pedal locomotion. Probably it was the 
enlivening strains of Winkler's band (who never 
played better), that stirred their blood to the point 
of ebullition. 

It was a beautiful day, and remarkably warm to 
men coming directly from the latitude of Trenton. 
It was a reminder, just a little too realistic, of the 
old days of endless marching under a burning sun. 

The route led through the best and most fashionable 
part of the city. It was long, but made shorter by 
the welcome seen on every face, and the places of 
interest passed, such as the residence of Chief Justice 
Marshall; Jeff. Davis (now a public school), &c, 
&c, including the celebrated group of statuary in 
the State House square. 

The ladies along the route showed themselves in 
their best attire, and at least looked beautiful and 
pleasant, if they did not smile complacently upon the 
proceeding. We cheerfully render unsolicited testi- 
mony to their charming appearance. Richmond is 
famous far and wide for the beauty of its ladies, and 
that fame is well deserved. Perhaps it is in the nature 
of things that ''fair women" should abound where 
so many "brave men" are encountered; God bless 
the ladies ! If they are not yet as thoroughly recon- 
structed as their gallant companions, we forgive them 
for it, and will give them time. As enemies they 



ON TO RICHMOND! 35 

were good haters ; they will be correspondingly good 
lovers in process of time. 

In passing up from the wharf, along the factories, 
all the operatives appeared to be at the windows, 
which were full of heads ; the works must have been 
stopped. 

. At the State House square the procession stopped 
for a rest, and here the irresistible tendency of the 
blue and the grey to mingle began to show itself. The 
lines being marched up parallel, and en masse, no 
introductions were needed ; an indiscriminate shak- 
ing of hands and hearty salutation began spontan- 
eously, not being under any military restraint, and 
no rule of courtesy requiring them to remain in 
line, they broke from their ranks on both sides, 
and in a few minutes were on the best of social 
terms. 

Here it was that the exchanging of badges and 
medals commenced. A Confederate would come up 
to one of us, and in a determined but pleasant manner 
would say, "I want your badge." What could we 
do but give it to them ? We would take it off our 
breast and pin it to his. In return he would pin a 
beautiful badge upon our breast. A few years ago 
we would have spurned the offer of the badge of the 
"First Virginia," for on its face it bore the emblem 
of treason. Nor would we have accepted the proffered 
badge of the Army of Northern Virginia. It, too, 
was emblazoned with the Stars and Bars. But why 
should we accept them now? Because the war is 
over, and we have forgotten the past ; and because 
we, as old soldiers, honor the brave men who bared 
their breasts to the storm of battle in defence of 
their principles. We, too, would have done the 
same. They are a mark of heroism. The Otey 
Battery and the Howitzers, also gave us all their 
beautiful ribbons. 



3G ON TO RICHMOND! 

After we left the Capitol Square and resumed our 
march we soon arrived at Sanger Halle, where the 
reception takes place. 



SANGER HALLE. 

Arriving at Sanger Halle, we are conducted 
through an entrance in the open garden, where are 
arranged many seats and tables. We sit down, 
weary and thirsty. We do not have to wait long. 

Reader, did you ever drink punch? Pure, un- 
adulterated, straight whiskey punch ? If not, shut 
your eyes on the scene enacted here. In fact, get 
out, you have no business here. No! you won't go! 
Neither do any of us. We all stay. We all drink. 
Men who never drank before drink now. No little 
thin-necked bottles for us. It comes in pailsful, 
tubsful — the cool, delicious drink. The bright eye 
of our General becomes brighter, and flashes like a 
diamond in the sunlight. I see Captain Seaman 
gesticulating with his arms in a terrible manner. 
What is the matter with him? I hear Captain 
Wilkes talking about bomb-shells bursting in the air. 
The war is over Captain. I see James Taylor hand- 
ing out cards. He has given one man six already. 
Mr. Brooks is talking about a rubber contract he has 
on hand. If I could make out what our Congress- 
man is talking about I would tell you. In fact, I 
must stop; I am "too full for utterance." 

But here in this little garden we fought over all 
our battles. Here we met some of Virginia's bravest 
soldiers. I will never forget the remark made by 
Capt. Charles R. Skinker, commanding 48th Vir- 
ginia Regiment, and who lost a leg February 7th, 
1865. In our conversation about the peaceful con- 
dition of the country, he said that it was too bad 




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'*?<- 



. 






• 




ON TO RICHMOND! 



37 



that President Garfield should be taken away so 
soon. He supplemented this remark by saying that 
he would willingly have given his other leg to have 
prevented that great national disaster. Such was the 
expression of feeling among all these men. 

We met here also Major Thomas A. Brander, of 
Pague's Batallion, Utterback's Battery,- who fired the 
last gun at Appomattox Court House at the end of 
the war. Also Capt J. E. Tyler, who commanded 
Letcher's Battery during the war. Also Capt. C. P. 
Bridges, of the Otey Battery, and many other offi- 
cers. All expressed true loyalty to the flag. 

One old veteran pulled his sleeve up and showed 
his shattered arm to General Campbell, and said — 
" General, if I knew where the soldier was who did 
that I would go a thousand miles to shake his hand." 

We talked and chatted together for about an hour, 
when we repaired to the banqueting hall. The fol- 
lowing is a copy of the cards of invitation given to 
each man : 

You are cordially invited to the Reception to be given 
in honor of Aaron Wilkes Post, No. 23, G. A. R., of 
Trenton, N. J., by the Old First Virginia Infantry, 
Otey Battery, and Howitzer Association, at Sanger 
Halle, on Tuesday, October \%th, 1881. 

COMMITTEE: 



Otey Battery. 

P. Bridges, 
M. West, 

C. A. Spence. 



Old First Virginia 
Infantry. 
A. R. Woodson, 
W. U. Bass, 

W. E. Chockley, 
C. T. Loehr, 
G. F. Norton, 
A. J. Vaughan. 



Howitzer Assoc'n. 

J. T. Gray, 
Frank D. Hill, 
J. T. Ellyson. 



THE BANQUET. 

Many of us have attended reunions of our old 
regiments, and greeted our comrades from whom we 



38 ON TO RICHMOND! 

have been separated many years. Many of us have 
attended reunions of the Army of the Potomac, the 
Army of the Tennessee, and other like organizations, 
and have been pleased and benefited by such meet- 
ings. But, reader, look upon this scene. Here, 
arm-in-arm, a Union soldier and a Confederate sol- 
dier march silently into this vast banqueting hall and 
sit side by side around the many sumptuously laden 
tables. We rise and drink a toast to " the old flag." 
We drink from the same cup. We relate our army 
experiences and cement our friendship by many acts 
of love. Attention is lavished upon us in a thousand 
ways by those who did not stand by our side in the 
line of battle, but by those brave men who were once 
arrayed against us in deadly conflict. This is a 
reunion of which we may all be proud. It is a 
reunion that carves its lines deep into our hearts It 
is a reunion that could be conceived in none but 
loyal hearts. 

Major Robert Stiles presided, and, as soon as the 
guests were seated, introduced the Hon. A. M. 
Keiley, who, in his most felicitous manner, extended 
to us a cordial welcome. His speech was a patriotic 
one, and reached our hearts. 

General Campbell replied as follows : 

" Mr. President — The law of growth, with nations 
as with men, is struggle and conflict, within and 
without, with all their attendant and resulting suffer- 
ings. No man has ever attained to true nobility of 
character without first being chastened with humility, 
and the better elements of his humanity brought out 
by a long and determined struggle with interposing 
enemies — chiefly himself. So every nation under 
the sun, in so far as it has attained to that altitude 
of greatness that has made it a blessing to its people 
and the world, has reached it through assaults from 



ON TO RICHMOND! 39 

without, discords and civil strife within that have 
brought, to the generations immediately participa- 
ting, sufferings which no words could describe or 
figures compute. We may not understand this law ; 
our philosopy may not be able to fathom its justice ; 
we may murmur against its Almighty author, but 
the law remains, irrepealable, inexorable, blessing a 
hundred fold those who lovingly yield, crushing 
those who refuse. 

" If we, my friends, have had great internal conflicts 
which have brought upon us sufferings which are inde- 
scribable and incalculable, how futile, how unwise to 
indulge in mutual recrimination — to measure, balance 
and compare our respective degrees of responsibility. 
Where every grown up man was more or less guilty, 
so that not one could say to any other ' my skirts 
are unstained,' it would be as idle and fruitless, 
as disingenuous, to inquire with nice discrimination 
which was most at fault. What would the fathers 
say to us to-day, could they appear in our midst? 
Would they not say, ' we are to have our measure of 
responsibility ; we accept it humbly before God, in 
deep sympathy with you ; we budded the best we 
could ; we endured manfully what was given us to 
endure ; we fought a good fight ; we buried our 
hearts and lives in the legacy we left to you ; that 
legacy was not perfect, human wisdom could not 
have made it so ; we commend to you the same sub- 
mission, endurance, wisdom and courage, and all 
will be well ; the great republic will be perfected and 
will endure ; its God-appointed mission will be ful- 
filled ; its blessings to mankind will be limitless and 
countless. ' 

" If we as a people have suffered more bitterly than 
any other people ever did ; if the iron has struck 
deeper into our souls ;' if our hearth-stones have been 
more desolated and our homes more broken up ; if 



40 ON TO RICHMOND/ 

our lives have been more shattered and our means of 
happiness and usefulness more dissipated, may there 
not be in our sufferings the balm that should staunch 
the wounds and assuage the pain ; mav it not be 
because we are to be lifted to a height of honor and 
usefulness as a nation, to which no other has ever 
attained ; may it not be that, through the great con- 
flict of mind with mind, will with will and hand with 
hand, through our descent into the valley of humilia- 
tion and suffering, we are to be chastened and puri- 
fied, the better elements of our humanity brought 
into fuller activity, and, by means of our quickened 
wisdom, the fabric of free government left us by the 
fathers we revere, is to be freed from all its imperfec- 
tions, both in theory and practice, and wrought up 
to the perfect model of organized liberty, grand, 
glorious, towering up to the view of all mankind — 
the object to which their eyes will be turned with 
wondering admiration and thankful hope ! 

" Can we not see these results already shadowed 
forth ? Point me, if you can, to a corner of the civ- 
ilized world which has not already felt our trans- 
forming influence. Point me, if you can, to a spot 
where any class or territorial division of people are 
oppressed, and whose hearts do not yearn toward out- 
country as the harbinger of a better day soon to come 
when they too shall enjoy the blessings of liberty. 
Point me, if you can, to a ruling monarch of to-day 
whose trembling and unsteady crown does not fill 
him with apprehensions that the days of arbitrary 
power are numbered ; that kings have been weighed 
in the balance and found wanting ; that after all, the 
great Virginian was inspired with the spirit of truth 
when he wrote those burning words, ' To secure these 
rights governments are instated among men, deriving 
their just powers from the consent of the governed.' 
In view of the results already obtained, and in view 



ON TO RICHMOND! 41 

of those which enlightened faith holds up as our 
'manifest destiny,' shall we not thank God and take 
courage ? 

"Let us then turn our backs to the past and go 
forward to" future duty, without repining, without 
recrimination ; always doing the right as God gives 
us to see the right. There is enough to be done in 
order that our mission as a people may be fulfilled, 
at home and abroad. As a political organism we 
are yet in our infancy. The first century of our 
national life has laid firm its foundations. Our 
integrity is assured. External enemies may assail, 
but they cannot destroy us. Internal dissensions 
may still distract, but they cannot divide us. The 
stupendous fabric of free, representative government 
is to be built. A continent is to be its foundation. 
Oceans are to be its boundaries. Hundreds of mil- 
lions of people, in the near future, (how many hun- 
dreds of millions ultimately we cannot tell), are to 
be its moral factors. Almost resistless in power, and 
exhaustless in resources, it must be. Words can 
scarcely exaggerate the influence it must exert among 
the nations of the earth. But we are still young. 
The institutions into which all these elements are to 
be moulded, by and through which they are to be 
developed, directed, and their energies exerted, are 
yet in their formative period — not one, perhaps, but 
is to be remodeled, or more or less modified. I fear 
it must be said that, after a century of experience 
with the theory of government first proclaimed by 
our fathers, we are but moderately acquainted with 
its principles, as they multiply, divide and ramify 
through all the relations of society. We should con- 
fess this with shame. Ideas foreign to our institu- 
tions have taken root amongst us. The literature of 
our country is full of doubts and insinuations as to 
the truth of the basic doctrines of that great Decla- 



42 ON TO RICHMOND! 

ration which shook the world. Our ablest men, not 
so careful as they might have been in their study of 
those doctrines, have been misled by the ingenuity 
and sophistry of foreign students and advocates of 
foreign systems. They have refined away the great 
doctrines of the right of self-government until its 
authors would not know it. They have talked about 
'glittering generalities,' and have apologized for 
Thomas Jefferson. This is sacrilege. I repeat, there 
remains enough to be done, that our mission as a 
people may be fulfilled — enough to enlist our in- 
genuity, talents and energies, for the second century 
of our national life. Let us be friends and brothers. 
'With malice toward none and charity for all,' let 
us devote ourselves to the well defined duties which 
lie before us all." 

General Campbell was loudly applauded at the 
close of his address. 

General Peyton Wise, a nephew of ex-Governor 
Wise, who it was thought would be unable to be 
present, was called upon, and spoke as follows : 

"Dear Sirs : — I find, at the last moment, that I am 
able to unite with you to-day in meeting and greeting 
a Post of the Grand Army of the Republic which 
comes from New Jersey to-day. I am, as you know, 
a veteran of the Army of Northern Virginia, and I 
am heartily glad to be able to tell, with you, to these 
veterans of the Northern Army, how gladly and with 
our whole hearts we welcome them to the soil of Vir- 
ginia. 

"It is high testimony to the strength and virtue of 
the American character, and to the intelligence and 
christian impulses of the American people, that those 
who have ravaged the fields of Virginia and desolated 
her firesides in defence of their idea of American 



ON TO RICHMOND! 43 

Union, should be able to-day to meet in happy 
accord, which is auspicious of more solid and endear- 
ing union, with those of us who tried hard at the 
same period of time to " welcome them with bloody 
hands to hospitable graves," in maintenance of our 
idea of Southern liberty and Confederate independ- 
ence. 

"There are those who would tell us that we must not 
recur to the past. I say, yes ! a thousand times yes ! 
Let us talk of it again and again, face to face with 
each other, as often as possible ; recount the sacrifices 
and the deeds of which both are proud, and of which 
brave men have a right to be proud, and to sing with 
glad acclaim without immodesty. Happy are the 
brave men who have fought each other, and who, by 
the mutual discovery of their respective courage, 
have learned to respect each other. Respect is the 
broadest anjd surest foundation of love, and that love 
has come and will grow into a great tree which will 
cover and protect from storm hereafter the common 
country. The sword that once leaped from both our 
hands, hot and hissing through the air, consecrate to 
curses and to vengeance, shall be the very bond of 
peace, and the instrument upon which we will swear, 
standing by a common altar, eternal fidelity to the 
common country. It shall only be taken down 
hereafter in defence of the common Union against 
domestic enemies, or, better still, against those from 
abroad who would endeavor to interrupt the peace 
and welfare of these United States. 

"Let us to-day, standing beside that mournful bier, 
whereon rested the great and honored victim of the 
most felon stroke that was ever struck against the 
liberties of the American people, and whereby we 
stood in tears, that flowed in no divided stream, and 
standing, too, in the midst of the common joy which 
prevails to-day over the establishment of American 



44 ON TO RICHMOND! 

independence by our common fathers, swear, each to 
the other, that we will be brothers hereafter, and 
veterans as we are, of hitherto opposing armies, that 
we shall be sturdy still as soldiers in the common 
defence of the great Union which belongs to us all. 
"I am the brother of every man at Sanger Halle 
to-day." 

General Wise's speech was heartily received by our 
boys, and we believe he reiterated the sentiments of 
all those in whose behalf he was called upon to speak. 
General Peyton Wise is said to be one of the most 
representative men in the South, as well as one of 
the most honorable. He is rather of a nervous and 
excitable character, and speaks out plainly what is in 
his mind. He made a very favorable impression 
among our men. 

After General Wise sat down, Hon. John Hart 
Brewer, our Congressman, was called upon and 
responded in his usual pleasant manner, as follows : 

' ' My fellow citizens of Virginia ; 

" Allow me to express my entire satisfaction and 
pleasure with the courtesy of your invitation to 
Wilkes Post to visit you, as well as with your gener- 
ous reception and entertainment here to-day. 

"We are here, old soldiers of the greatest war of 
modern times ; and while we are citizens of two of 
the original thirteen States, and can celebrate with 
loyalty, honesty and truth the centennials of Mon- 
mouth, Princeton and Trenton, of Camden, Cow- 
pens and Yorktown, do not let us deceive ourselves 
or each other, let us be honest. We people of the 
North believe that you people of the South committed 
one of the greatest crimes possible to commit in a 
free government. There seems to us no excuse for 
your firing on the old flag. We are here to-day to 



ON TO RICHMOND! 4£ 

excuse it. You believed we trampled upon the rights 
of States, and intended to deprive you of what was 
then property, and I know by this reception that you 
desire to excuse and forgive and forget. Because we 
learned to respect each other's bravery and valor on 
bloody battle fields is no sign of itself that we are 
true friends. You know there is but very little pure, 
unadulterated disinterestedness in this world, and 
after all we desire to be friends, because we feel that 
public and private prosperity comes only with peace 
and reconciliation. Just such gatherings as this will 
aid us, will bring a union of hearts, a union of hands — 
what loyalty and truth demands. Then will we be 
kind to each other, then will we know each other and 
feel a common interest in the institutions and indus- 
tries of the land, and so pave the way for a perfect 
understanding. We take you by the hand, we look 
you in the eye, we think of the great government 
that that old flag represents, and we know we must 
forgive and forget. 

" Now, it's not only our duty to be friends socially, 
but we must be friends politically, this can only be 
accomplished by free schools, free discussion, free 
immigration, a free ballot and fair count, for all her 
citizens all over this broad land North as well as 
South. We must not only work for what we believe 
to be the interest of our section, but we must obey 
the laws and uphold the dignity of the United States, 
and love the flag, that emblem of all that's great and 
enduring on earth, a free government by a free people. 
But we are all citizens now of this great Republic, 
and have a common interest in it and in each other. 
We are all proud of the wealth centered in the well 
watered hills and fertile valleys of the North and 
of the illimitable and abundant plains of the West ; 
and do we not all look with an American pride at 
the richness of the Sunny South, her undeveloped 



46 ON TO RICHMOND! 

material resources. The brawny muscles of her 
colored sons, and the vigor and nervous energy of 
her white population betoken in the near future a 
development equal to the abundance and wealth of 
the busy North. We are not jealous of this, we only 
fear that you will not grasp the situation and develope 
it soon enough. What we all wish is a country " the 
first on earth" in all her material resources and 
developments, a country with every mine and every 
hillside, valley, plain, water-way developed and 
contributing to the vastness, greatness and glory of 
us all. Is not this our country — did we not win it — 
have we not preserved it — and is it not possible that 
the ' late unpleasantness ' has contributed to cement 
and perpetuate it? All we need is a commendable 
American pride, a pride that says America for Ameri- 
cans, (I mean all her citizens.) Let us develop all 
her mineral, mechanical and manufacturing resources, 
and then will follow intelligence, culture, refine- 
ment, loyalty, law and order — a unity of purpose, 
a union of States, and last, but not least, a resource 
for Almighty God, who created and provided for us 
all." 

After the band discoursed some of its appropriate 
tunes, Judge James Buchanan was loudly called upon 
to speak. He mounted a chair and in a very eloquent 
manner addressed the vast assemblage. Among other 
remarks he said : 

" We come to you a band of wandering pilgrims, 
from historic grounds to historic grounds, from the 
battle field of Trenton to the battle fields of Virginia. 
We are here and we greet you because we are citizens 
of the proudest country on earth. We come to you 
as men who are proud of the courage and valor you 
displayed upon the field of battle in defence of your 



ON TO RICHMOND! 47 

convictions. * * * Do you know why the war 
continued four long years ? It was because Americans 
met Americans, and ' when Greek meets Greek then 
comes the tug of war.' " 

judge Buchanan's speech was well received by all 
present. Colonel E. H. Murphy then made a few 
happy remarks. 

Adam Exton, Esq., of this city, and Dr, Minster, 
of Philadelphia, made a few happy remarks, and the 
banquet was over. 



AROUND THE CITY. 

After the banquet was over the large company 
divided itself in many groups, each under the charge 
of a Confederate soldier, and began a tour of the 
city. Some secured carriages and others conveyances 
and drove around the city and far out into the country. 
Some visited the parks, some the library, some the 
State House, some the tobacco factories, some Libby 
prison, some Belle Isle, and in fact, all the prominent 
points of interest in the city were visited by our men. 

Through the courtesy of Captain H. C. Jones, the 
Post was invited to visit the Industrial Exhibition. 
Many of our members spent a great part of their 
time here. The ladies who had charge of the differ- 
ent departments bestowed many attentions upon the 
"boys in blue." The ladies showered more than 
ordinary attentions upon our friend Col. E. H. 
Murphy, and his handsome and genial companion 
Captain James F. Brook. They appear to have 
driven all the boys off the field. If they never 
gained honors on the field of battle they made many 
glorious conquests here. Captain Ivory and comrade 
Joseph W. Phillips, our artist, are " holding the fort " 
at the far end of the room. The ladies connected 



48 ON TO RICHMOND! 

with the exhibition were very polite and dignified, 
and were respected very highly by our boys. The 
display of exhibits were principally the skill and 
product of Richmond, and were of a high order of 
merit. 

General Wise, General Campbell, Captain Seaman 
and Hon. John Hart Brewer took a carriage and 
visited many points of interest throughout the city. 
They stopped at the residence of General Wise, where 
they were handsomely entertained. Hon. John Hart 
Brewer entertained the party by relating many of his 
amusing anecdotes. Captain Wilkes also joins the 
party, and it is now complete. The party were 
highly pleased with what they saw. Captain Wilkes 
soon left the party and returned home by rait. 

Capt. James T. Gray was also a member of this 
party, and proved himself to be a genial and pleas- 
ant companion. 

Our boys are scattered to the four quarters of the 
city. Now and then a small group will come down 
Main street, and another group from some other 
quarter, and when they reach the street upon which 
Sanger Halle is located, they will stop at the corner 
for an instant, hold a hurried consultation, and off 
they go and are not seen again for hours. If we step 
into some place for refreshments, here we find two 
or three of our comrades in charge of a "reb," 
who will neither let them go or spend their money. 
When our men call for and partake of what the house 
affords, and proffer payment therefor, they are chal- 
lenged and their money declared as counterfeit. It 
seems like imposing upon good nature, and the pride 
of many of our boys compel them to seek refuge 
within the cabin of the "Gratitude." 

To say that we were received with open arms and 
open hearts, would not be using language strong 
enough. We were received as the prodigal was 



ON TO RICHMOND! 49 

received when he returned to his father — with affec- 
tion, with true love. We do not believe these friends, 
these brothers, received us thus with sinister motives 
or for policy sake. If so, every honest soldier and citi- 
zen accompanying us is deceived — grossly deceived ! 

After the banquet, Adjutant Hatton, George W. 
Fox and Joseph Lawton, remained at Sanger Halle, 
in company with Capt. M. West, of Otey Battery, 
Capt. Skinker, of the 48th Virginia Regiment, and 
others, where an hour was spent in fighting their 
battles over again. Capt. West then proposed a 
walk around the town. They visited his place of 
business, a large building on Main street, where he 
is engaged in the general stationery line, under the 
firm name of West, Thompson & Co. Here they 
were introduced to several of Richmond's fair dam- 
sels, and were warmly received. They were then 
conducted to the Commercial Club, nearly opposite, 
where they spent part of the evening at a social game 
of cards. A large number of Southern gentlemen 
were present, and they heard many complimentary 
remarks passed upon Aaron Wilkes Post, G. A. R. 
Some would say — "What a fine body of veterans — 
they look so fresh and young ; " and, " They behave 
like gentlemen," &c. This was very pleasant to 
hear, of course. 

The Commercial Club is composed of merchants 
and manufacturers. It was organized in 1878, and 
has now a large membership, whose hospitality forms 
an agreeable episode in the sojourn of visiting mer- 
chants. It possesses quite a large collection of geo- 
logical specimens, and many archaeological relics of 
the aboriginal Americans. It occupies the entire 
spacious building No. 912 Main street, between Ninth 
and Tenth streets. 

On Wednesday morning the Adjutant and others 
of our party fell into the hands of Capt. C. P. 



50 ON TO RICHMOND! 

Bridges, who spared no time to show them the 
various points of interest in the city. The large 
tobacco establishments were visited, and the cigars 
and tobacco sampled. During these visits the col- 
ored employees would sing their merry songs, which 
alone paid for the visits. They then visited the large 
and handsomely equipped machine shops of Talcott 
& Sons. They called at the office of the firm, and 
Capt. Bridges stated the object of our call, request- 
ing permission to inspect the works. He was in- 
formed that they could enter on payment of fifty 
cents each. Capt. Bridges said — " Charge it to the 
the ' Old First.' " They were then accompanied by 
Mr. Talcott, Jr., who took great pains to show all of 
their fine machinery and tools, which are the finest 
to be found anywhere. 

Nearly all of our party visited Libby Prison, a 
commodious brick building at the corner of Cary and 
Twentieth streets. It was occupied as a ship chand- 
lery by Mr. Luther Libby for many years prior to 
the war. From the Summer of 1861 to the close of 
the war many thousands of Union soldiers were con- 
fined within its walls, at times being filled to its 
utmost capacity. A very remarkable incident in 
connection with the prison is the escape of. Col. 
Streight and about sixty companions, who burrowed 
under the street, with no other instruments than 
forks, until they reached a vacant lot opposite, and 
without waiting to fold their tents stole silently away 
under cover of the night (a dark and stormy one). 
They remained in the city several days in the houses 
of their friends, and finally succeeded in getting 
beyond the lines, after many privations and hard- 
ships. 

The next place visited by many of our boys was 
Belle Isle, an island of the James river, near the 
Tredegar Iron Works. It was used during the war as 



ON TO RICHMOND! 51 

a prison camp. Being surrounded by water and a 
strong current, it was deemed a very secure place for 
the purpose. An attempt was made by some Union 
prisoners to escape one night, which resulted in the 
shooting and drowning of several. 

Here Mr. Hazlett procured a bottle and filled it 
with sand, and under the seal of C. T. Loehr, notary 
public and Secretary of the "Old First," sent it 
home to some of his friends. Mr. Hazlett was a 
prisoner here during the war. 

A flying visit was made to Hollywood Cemetery, 
situated on the Western outskirts. It was laid out in 
T848, and dedicated June 26th, 1849, an( ^ comprises 
about one hundred acres. Nature and art have com- 
bined to render this one of the most picturesque 
cemeteries in the country. It is diversified with 
beautiful and costly tombs, vaults and memorial 
piles ; original forest trees, cedars and weeping wil- 
lows ; hill and vale and winding rivulets. The 
remains of 12,000 Confederate veterans lie buried in 
the section set apart for that purpose, in the midst of 
which stands a pyramidical monument of unhewn 
stone, ninety feet high, erected under the auspices of 
Southern ladies. Clinging vines creep around and 
up its sides, covering it to a considerable extent. On 
the east side is inscribed — "To the Confederate 
dead." Many gallant and distinguished sons of the 
South sleep beneath the sod in this cemetery, most 
notable of ^hom may be mentioned, Gen. George 
E. Pickett, of Gettysburg fame, John M. Daniel, 
editor "Richmond Examiner," Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, 
Lieut. Gen. A. P. Hill, Gen. John Pegram, Gov. 
Henry A. Wise, Ex-Presidents Monroe and Tyler, 
and many others. 

Capt. Skinker took a great fancy to Adjutant Hat- 
ton's Past Commander's badge, and expressed a wish 
that he would give it to him. The Adjutant hesi- 



52 ON TO RICHMOND! 

tated, and at the same time asked him if he knew 
what the G. A. R. badges were made of He an- 
swered, "No." He then told him they were made 
of captured Confederate cannon, and were made at 
the U. S. Mint in Philadelphia. He thought the 
Adjutant was joking, and when told it was an actual 
fact seemed more anxious to have it than ever. The 
Adjutant then pinned it to his coat, when he thanked 
him most heartily, and promised to send him a badge 
of the Army of Northern Virginia, made of gold and 
enamel, in exchange. He stated that he would not 
part with that badge of the G. A. R. for anything. 

It would be a difficult task to give a description of 
all places of interest visited. Among the great tobacco 
factories visited were those of Salmon, Hancock & Co. 
We were shown the whole modus operandi by which 
tobacco is "made." The proprietors of this estab- 
lishment were very courteous to our party. They 
presented each man with a "plug" of navy, besides 
presenting us with many of their handsome business 
cards. The Banner Works of Lawrence Lottier were 
also visited, and we were kindly shown through this 
immense concern. This is an elegantly equipped 
factory, and the "brand" is well known. The 
cigarette factory was also visited by many of our 
party, and much seen to interest them. 

The most minute inspection of Libby Prison was 
made by a party of the following gentlemen : Hon. 
John Hart Brewer, Wm. Young, Adam Exton, Mr. 
Box, Mr. Parks, Mr. Phillips, Mr. Hughes, Mr. 
Withington, Mr. Laird, myself, and one or two 
others, whose names I have forgotten. We visited 
every room from top to bottom. We closely exam- 
ined the walls and windows. We stood at the win- 
dow through which one of the Union prisoners was 
shot. We saw where Col. Streight and others escaped. 
We saw and copied the names of Union soldiers cut 



' > -1 



u"7< ' 



in ill « • M 



i . 









W I 


1 


i 


/ 


t 






( 


\ 


.A 




1 .vj t~r 


"Tr>t itt 4 



ON TO RICHMOND! 53 

deep in the floor. Here are the names we copied : 
" Giles W. Lamb, Co. K, 7th Regt. C. V. ; " "Serg't 
A. E. Barrett, Co. K, 7th Regt. C. V., Aug. 13th, 
1863," and "D. T. Hamilton, Co. F, 5th Cav. and 
10th Regt. Ind. Vols." 

Several of our party also visited many places of 
amusement throughout the city. They seemed to be 
"free" places of amusement as our boys were not 
required to purchase tickets. 

Mr. C. P. Barwis, A. W. Lee, W. F. Gordon, and 
a few others of our party were, through the politeness 
of some of the Richmond gentlemen, introduced to 
several of Richmond's fair ladies. They had a very 
pleasant time and enjoyed themselves very much. 
Richmond is noted for its pretty ladies. 

I forgot to remark previously that when we reached 
Main street, on our way from the boat, we were 
reviewed by our Commander, Major Richard A. Don- 
nelly, and many of the officers of the New Jersey Bat- 
talion, who made a flying visit to Richmond from 
Yorktown. Our Commander seemed highly pleased 
at our appearance and reception. We greeted them 
with three hearty cheers. They returned the salute 
by raising their caps. They left for Yorktown the 
same evening. 

On our way up Main street we come to what is 
called "The Old Stone House." This is without 
question the oldest building now standing in Rich- 
mond, and tradition associates with it the names of 
Washington, Lafayette, Jefferson, Monroe and other 
celebrities. 

There are many places of interest in the city, and 
our boys are being taken from place. We go in 
squads of from two to five, under the charge of some 
one of the Confederate soldiers or citizens. Every 
point of interest is shown us, especially the old Con- 
federate landmarks. We took more than ordinary 



54 ON TO RICHMOND! 

delight in viewing these old relics of the Confeder- 
acy. Even the site upon which some of the build- 
ings stood before the evacuation conflagration seemed 
to have an interest attached thereto. 

The Confederate Post Office Department was in 
Goddin's Hall, a stuccoed edifice southeast corner 
Eleventh and Bank streets, about one hundred yards 
from the Capitol portico. The building was destroyed 
by the great fire of the evacuation. The present one 
covers the exact site, and is in nearly the same style 
of the old one. Fifty yards up Bank street is the 
Custom House and Post Office, the only building on 
either side of Main street between Eighth and Thir- 
teenth, left standing by the evacuation fire. Some 
scaling of the granite walls shows the intense heat of 
the surrounding flames. The office of President 
Davis was on the third floor, second room to the left. 
The rooms on the Bank street floor were occupied by 
various officers of government, and the Main street 
floor previous to, and since the war, the City Post 
Office, by the Confederate Treasury. On the west 
side of Ninth street, where Bank street terminates 
and upon the ground where the Virginia Opera House 
now stands, was the Mechanics' Institute, used for 
the War and Navy Departments. It was burnt by 
the evacuation fire. The present smaller structure 
was erected in 1865 or 1866. Going up Ninth street 
northwardly a square and a half and St. Paul 's 
Church (Episcopal) is reached. It is in the Corin- 
thian style of architecture, and its spire is remarkable 
for airy grace and symmetry. Sunday, April 2, 1865, 
President Davis was at worship in this church when 
notified by telegram from General Lee that the city 
must be evacuated. The hotel building (now St. 
Claire) opposite St. Paul's was used by the Second 
Auditor's Office of the Treasury Department. The 
Provost Marshal's Office was in a large framed house 



ON TO RICHMOND! 55 

(the "Winder Building"), which was erected for 
the purpose, on the west side of Tenth street between 
Broad and Capitol, to the north of Washington 
Statue. After the war it was removed to Navy Hill 
(on the northern limit of the city) and converted 
into a school house for colored children, and then 
the lot was used for the present edifice. A little far- 
ther on we come to the site of the old City Hall, a 
building which was in the Grecian style and once 
regarded as very handsome. It was pulled down 
about 1872 because deemed insecure and to make 
room for a better one. 

Richmond still continues a great market for " Con- 
federate curios. ' ' A book and newsdealer, who makes 
their sale a specialty, was recently offered $150 for a 
Confederate postage stamp of peculiar rarity. 

THE STATUARY IN THE CAPITOL SQUARE. 

Cultivated travelers freely concede that there is no 
work of the kind in this country, and few in the 
world, at all comparable with the Washington Mon- 
ument. It consists of an imposing column of Rich- 
mond granite, rising from a star-shaped base, sur- 
mounted by a gigantic equestrian statue of Wash- 
ington, and on pedestals around and beneath him 
figures of Patrick Henry, whose eloquence fired the 
hearts of the patriots for revolution ; George Mason, 
the author of the Virginia Bill of Rights ; Thomas 
Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence; Governor Thomas* Nelson, Jr., to whose 
patriotism and purse the victory at Yorktown was 
largely attributable ; Andrew Lewis, under whose 
leadership as Indian conqueror the Virginians made 
a pathway to the west ; and John Marshall, the dis- 
tinguished Chief Justice of the United States Supreme 
Court. 



56 ON TO RICHMOND! 

The monument and most of the figures were 
modeled by Crawford, the designer also of the 
bronze figure of Liberty on the dome of the capitol 
at Washington and of the statue of Beethoven at 
Boston. Mr. Crawford died in 1857; and the 
unfinished work — statues of Nelson and Lewis and 
the allegorical figures— was executed by Randolph 
Rogers, much of whose work is to be seen in the 
capitol at Washington. The equestrian statue is 15 
feet from the rider's chapeau to the plinth upon 
which the horse's feet rest. The pedestrian statues 
are each ten feet high. The entire cost of the monu- 
ment (including statuary) was $259,913,26. The 
corner-stone was laid February 2 2d, 1850 ; Washing- 
ton's statue was unveiled February 2 2d, 1858, but 
the entire work was not completed until 1868. The 
bronze figures were cast at the Royal Foundry at 
Munich. 

On the north side of the avenue between this monu- 
ment and the Governor's house, is the bronze statue 
of Stonewall Jackson. It stands upon a pedestal of 
Virginia granite ten feet high. It is of heroic size 
and is one of the best works of the late Mr. Foley, 
the great English sculptor. The following is the 
inscription : 

" Presented by English gentlemen as a tribute of admiration for the 
soldier and patriot, Thomas J. Jackson, and gratefully accepted by Vir- 
ginia in the name of the Southern people. Done a. d. 1875, in the hun- 
dredth year of the Commonwealth. 

"Look! There is Jackson standing like a stonewall." 

Near the old Bell House in the square is the marble 
statue of Henry Clay, by Hart — a present to the 
Commonwealth of Virginia from the great orator's 
countrywomen. It was unveiled April 12th, i860, 
and is said by many, who well remember Clay, to be 
a faithful likeness of that great and gifted son of 
Virginia. 



ON TO RICHMOND! 57 



A TRAMP OVER THE BATTLE FIELDS. 

As our boat did not leave Richmond on Wednes- 
day morning, as was intended, Lafayette Horner, 
John Hazlett, Wm. S. Everingham, A. J. Walker, 
H. J. Nicklin, x\nthony Kuhn and Jos. W. McKen- 
zie, of our party, concluded to take the early train 
from Richmond to West Point, and there take the 
boat to Yorktown. It was their intention, also, to 
visit the battle fields lying between Richmond and 
West Point. 

They left Richmond at 8:45 A - M - Tne y cou ^ 
not purchase any tickets at. the depot on account of 
their having disposed of them all on the day previ- 
ous. When the conductor came along he attempted 
to exact from our boys more than the regular fare. 
He slackened the " speed " of the train and threat- 
ened to put the boys off. The boys took advantage 
of the slow speed in which the cars were moving and 
all jumped off, as it was close by the battle fields of 
Fair Oaks. 

The boys trudged on some distance, when they 
met an old darkey and inquired of him where the 
battle was fought, "Some whar in dese yer fields," 
he replied. They soon saw evidences that satisfied 
them that they were upon the very fields where 
McClellan marshaled his hosts and gave battle to 
the forces under Johnson and Lee. Many military 
critics say that McClellan could have marched into 
Richmond the next day if he had been so disposed. 

Here our boys commenced collecting relics and 
cutting canes. Many bullets were here found. 
After tramping about three miles over the fields of 
Fair Oaks, they came to the national cemetery, at 
Seven Pines. The cemetery contains 1,357 Union 
soldiers, of whom but 150 are known. Through the 



58 ON TO RICHMOND! 

kindness of the superintendent's wife (Mrs. Barrows), 
they were shown through the grounds, where flowers 
and many beautifully colored leaves were gathered. 
Mr. Horner here purchased a sword, which was 
picked up off the battle field, and which was sup- 
posed to have belonged to a Confederate soldier. 
Our boys here visited a store and purchased a few 
relics and partook of some refreshments. 

They pursued their journey over the fields. They 
came across an old oak tree which took five of the 
party to span around. At this point five of the party 
went in search of something to eat, while the remain- 
ing two stayed behind and began to dig bullets out 
of some trees. While engaged in cutting the bullets 
out a darkey came along and told them that if they 
would go with him to his "house," he would give 
them some bullets which he had gathered off the 
fields. One of the party went along with him, and 
he not only received a great many bullets from the 
darkey, but he was invited to sit down to dinner, 
which was then ready. The dinner consisted of 
"possum," hoe cake and 'milk, and was much en- 
joyed by him. The man who was left at the tree, 
thinking something was wrong, entered the cabin 
and also partook of its hospitalities. 

After thanking the host and hostess for their many 
kindnesses they started out to overtake the rest of the 
party. They found them at an old house formerly 
the headquarters of General Casey. The party then 
visited another old house which was once used as a 
hospital by the Federal- army, and which is now 
occupied by a Mrs. Whitesides. On the floors of the 
rooms blood stains and other evidences of its having 
been occupied by wounded soldiers, could be seen. 
As the party passed on they could plainly see evi- 
dences of the war. Trees with their tops shot away, 
and with their trunks shattered by shot and shell, 
were every now and then seen. 



ON TO RICHMOND! 59 

After traveling about a mile and a half further the 
party came to Allen's Siding, or, which is better 
known by our boys, as Savage Station. Here 
on June 29th, 1862, Magruder attacked the Union 
army on its retreat to the James River, and inflicted 
upon them a heavy loss. Evidences here and there 
could be seen that recalled the bloody battle that 
took place here. Not only did McClellan lose many 
men here, but' a terrible loss was inflicted upon the 
enemy. 

The boys called at a house here where they were 
given a grand welcome as well as a grand dinner. 
The name of the party who entertained them was 
Mrs. J. H. Allen and daughters. Mrs. Allen's hus- 
band was in Richmond at the time, and our boys 
were deprived of the pleasure of his acquaintance. 
Here the boys say they enjoyed themselves very 
much. When Mr. Allen returned home he was very 
much pleased to hear that our boys had called at his 
house. Many relics were here given our party, such 
as grape shot and bullets picked off the battle fields. 

It getting late, the party left Savage Station, and 
arrived at West Point at 6:30 p. m., where they took 
the steamer for Yorktown, arriving there at 8:30 in 
the evening. After tramping over the dusty plains 
of Yorktown, they put up at the "Ocean View 
Hotel," where they soon fell asleep. In the morn- 
ing, after visiting many places of interest, they go to 
the wharf and join their comrades, who are on board 
the "Gratitude," and which arrived at ten o'clock 
that morning. 

It is not our intention to give a detailed account 
of all the battles fought in the neighborhood of 
Richmond, for they can be numbered by dozens, if 
not by scores, but we propose to give a brief sketch 
of the most prominent ones visited by some of our 
party. In doing so we will quote from Chesterman's 
Southern book entitled "Guide to Richmond." 



60 ON TO RICHMOND! 

FORT DARLING (DREWRY's BLUFF). 

Yorktown and Norfolk having been evacuated, the 
first real conflict at arms before Richmond was on 
the 15th May, 1862, when the Union fleet, consist- 
ing of the Monitor, Galena, Aroostook, Naugatuck, 
Port Royal and others, attacked the Confederate bat- 
teries at Drewry's Bluff (Fort Darling), and after a 
brief but spirited contest was compelled to retire 
with the loss of a considerable number of killed and 
wounded, and several crippled vessels. The Bluff is 
on the south side of James river, seven and a half 
miles south of the city, and is reached by steamer, 
of by vehicle by way of the Richmond and Peters 
burg turnpike. It was one of the strongest positions 
on the lines before Richmond, and defied to the very 
last all assaults by land and water. Many of the 
earthworks are still standing, partially obscured by 
young pines and "volunteer" peach trees. One or 
two of the houses used for officers' quarters also 
remain. From this point there is an extended view 
of the river, up and down, of Chaffin's Bluff on the 
opposite side, which was also a Confederate strong- 
hold, and of a portion of the battle-ground of May, 
1864, when General Butler tried to flank the Bluff 
and was met and forced back by Beauregard. In the 
riv^r near here the Confederate iron clads were blown 
up upon the evacuation of Richmond. Remains of 
the military bridges, which were built across the 
James by the Confederates, are to be seen at low 
tide. From the deck of a New York or James river 
steamer excellent views may be had. 

SEVEN FINES OR FAIR OAKS. 

On the 31st of May, 1862, the Con'federates, under 
General Joseph E Johnston, attacked the left wing 



ON TO RICHMOND! 61 

of General McClellan's army which had crossed the 
Chickahominy in its advance upon Richmond. A 
heavy rain had fallen and transformed this usually 
insignificant stream into a broad river. The Con- 
federates took advantage of the division of the Union 
forces, and fell upon them with violence, and on that 
day and the next, the great but indecisive battle of 
Seven Pines or Fair Oaks was fought. On the first 
day General Joseph E. Johnston was wounded, and, 
two days later, General R. E. Lee succeeded to the 
command of the army. The two armies in the con- 
test lost, together, about ten thousand men. The 
battle-field extended from Fair Oaks Station, on the 
Richmond, York River and Chesapeake Railroad, to 
a locality known as Seven Pines, on the Richmond 
and Williamsburg stage road. There is a National 
Cemetery near the battle-field and another on the 
Williamsburg road only a mile or two from Rich- 
mond. There are numerous earthworks in this 
vicinity still standing. 

MECHANICSVILLE. 

This little village is five and a half miles northeast of 
Richmond. Here and at Ellerson's Mill, a short dis- 
tance beyond, the seven days' battles were begun, June 
26th, 1862. General Lee by massing his troops on 
the right of McClellan's line, forced the latter out 
of his works and to the protection of his gunboats 
on James river, after fighting the battles of Mechan- 
icsville, Gaines' Mill, Cold Harbor, Savage's Station, 
Frazier's Farm and Malvern Hill. At the last named 
place the Confederates met with a bloody check, and 
McClellan was enabled to retire to Harrison's Land- 
ing, farther down James river, and a campaign in 
which between 30,000 and 40,000 men were killed 
or wounded was closed. The drive to Mechanicsville 



02 ON TO RICHMOND! 

is pleasant and the road good. The Chickahominy 
is crossed five miles from the city, and at several 
points traces of Confederate breastworks may be 
seen. Where the land is valuable to the farmers, 
they have generally been leveled ; but where it is of 
little use, they have been allowed to stand, particu- 
larly, in woods and swampy lands. 

COLD HARBOR. 

Cold Harbor is entitled to particular distinction. 
It is about six miles below Mechanicsville, and 
between nine and ten by the most direct road from 
Richmond. On this field two great battles were 
fought. The first, June 27th, 1862, when the Confed- 
erates, under the two Hills and Longstreet, attacked 
Porter and Slocum and when Stonewall Jackson, 
in his celebrated flank movement from the Valley, 
turned the scale of victory against the Union army ; 
the second, on June 3d, 1864, when Grant in his 
movement down from Spottsylvania Court House and 
the Wilderness, was confronted by Lee, and attacking 
the latter in his entrenchments, according to Swinton, 
"lost 13,000 men" in about half an hour without 
making a serious impression on the Confederates. 
In the first battle the heaviest fighting was about Mr. 
George Watt's house at "Springfield"; in the 
second in the vicinity of Beulah Church and Cold 
Harbor ("Cool Arbor"). After it Grant moved 
on down to James river and crossed over in front of 
Petersburg. To see this battle field as it deserves, 
visitors should first provide themselves with compe- 
tent guides, who may be procured by proper enquiry 
at the Richmond hotels. 

FORT HARRISON, MALVERN HILL, SAVAGE'S STATION, &C. 

September 29th, 1864, two corps of Butler's corps 
surprised and captured Fort Harrison and attempted 



ON TO RICHMOND! 63 

to carry Fort Gilmer, adjacent, but were unsuccessful. 
On the 30th two Confederate divisions endeavored 
to recover Fort Harrison, but were repulsed with 
heavy loss. This battle ground may be easily seen 
from the deck of a steamer going up or down the 
river. So too the Malvern Hill battle-ground, which 
is some fourteen or fifteen miles from Richmond by 
county roads. Savage's Station is on the Richmond, 
York river and Chesapeake railroad, and is therefore 
easily reached. Here, on June 29th, 1862, the 
Confederates, under Magruder, attacked the Union 
troops, then retreating from Cold Harbor to James 
river, and inflicted upon them a heavy loss. The 
nearest approach of the Union forces to Richmond 
before they entered it was in March, 1864, when 
Colonel Dahlgren, commanding a raiding party, got 
near the toll-gate on the Brook turnpike — a point 
only about one mile north of the city limits. Meet- 
ing with some resistance here, and learning that he 
would have a heavy battery to pass before he could 
get into the city, he retired, and was a few days 
afterward killed, and his body brought into the city. 
We will not attempt to give an account of the last 
battles fought around Richmond, and in which many 
of our boys took part. History records the facts. 



MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 

I have attempted to relate as nearly as possible all 
the incidents that came under my observation while 
at Richmond. I have given them in a disjointed 
manner, also. We were at Richmond a part of two 
days, but as our party were not allowed to go to sleep 
at any time during our sojourn in the city, I have 
made no distinction between Tuesday and Wednes- 



64 ON TO RICHMOND! 

day, and I simply relate incidents as they come to 
my mind, regardless of dates. I do not pretend to 
say that I have related all that took place. It would 
take more pages than this little volume contains to 
do so. 

Ford's hotel, at Richmond, captured many of our 
boys, who stole away from their companions on 
Tuesday evening. First, one of our party would 
steal into the hotel, and before he could register in 
would come another, mutter some unintelligible 
words of recognition and hie himself off to bed. 
While Mr. C. T. Williams and one or two others 
were about to retire, the door of the hotel opened 
and in came another of our boys, who, upon recog- 
nizing the party, shouted, '-'Hie! Second District 
represented." He was put to bed. 

Late on Tuesday night we also saw one of our offi- 
cers in company with an old colored woman. Upon 
being asked where he was going, he replied, "We're 
hunting for Libby Prison " 

Many amusing incidents occurred while we were 
at Richmond. Late Tuesday evening many of our 
boys were not able to stand the great "strain " that 
they were compelled to undergo, and when a favor- 
able opportunity presented itself one would slip 
away, and then another, and another, and go to the 
dock where the boat was lying, with the hope of get- 
ting some sleep. Our commander, who had repaired 
to the boat about the right time, saw all that was 
going on. He related what he saw during the night, 
and said : " Did you ever see a flock of chickens 
during a heavy rain storm, with their feathers all 
wet, with their heads down, with their tails down, 
sneaking around the corner of the barn ? First one 
will run, then another, and another, until they are all 
under shelter. Well," he said, " that is the way some 
of our boys came to the boat last night." Our com- 



■ON TO RICHMOND! 65 

mander was on "watch " that night, and he helped 
all the boys across the gang plank. 

Several of our party left Richmond Wednesday 
morning and visited different points of interest. Mr. 
A. J. Walker and Mr. Henry Nicklin took the cars 
and went to Baltimore. They joined us again at 
some point on our way home. 

Mr. Phineas K. Hazen, publisher of the Lambert- 
ville Beacon, and Mr. Charles A. Slack, after enjoy- 
ing a pleasant carriage ride with the Collector of 
Richmond, and having been shown many places of 
interest throughout the city and its suburbs, left our 
party and went to Yorktown by rail, where they again 
joined us. 

Many others left us here and joined us at some 
point on our journey home. Hon. H. C. Gulick 
and Hon. Clayton Robbins parted from us on our 
arrival at Richmond and made an extensive tour of 
the country about Richmond. These gentlemen did 
not join us again. 

Captain Wilkes, Captain Ivory, and comrade 
Joseph W. Phillips were each presented with a beau- 
tiful badge of the Army of Northern Virginia. Gen- 
eral Wise presented his to Captain Wilkes ; Captain 
James T. Gray to Joseph W. Phillips, and Captain 
Thomas Booker to Captain Ivory. These badges 
were gotten up in Paris, and are only entrusted to 
those who won them by honorable service in the 
Confederate army. They have never been given to 
any person except the daughter of Stonewall Jackson 
and Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, and the three members of 
our Post. General Wise also exchanged caps with 
Captain Seaman. 

OUR DEPARTURE. 

Twelve o'clock Wednesday noon is the hour which 
we have fixed upon to leave the city of Richmond. 



66 ON TO RICHMOND! 

The hour has approached and our party are all on 
board the "Gratitude." Our boys are loaded with 
badges received from our friends at Richmond. 
Nearly all the Grand Army bronze badges have dis- 
appeared from off the breasts of our men and have 
been transferred to the breasts of .our hosts. A large 
delegation of the Confederates have assembled at the 
dock to bid us a parting good-bye. Tears can be 
seen trickling down the cheeks of brave men as we 
prepare to part from those whom we have learned to 
love. Such a scene as this is realized only once in a 
lifetime. The order is given to start, and after a 
long and hearty shaking of hands, we haul in the 
ropes and slowly leave the dock. Loud huzzas are 
repeated over and over again until our boat is out 
into the stream. As we look back we see hundreds 
of brave men waving their hands to us as though they 
would beckon us back. Slowly and sorrowfully we 
move on. Our band, which is playing some of its 
spirited tunes, cannot break the thoughts which 
encompass us. We soon turn a point in the river, 
and our friends are lost to view. Thus did we meet — 
thus did we part. 

Our reception at Richmond, both in quantity and 
quality, was a surprise ; we knew the men we had 
opposed in arms were gallant and courteous gentle- 
men ; we expected at their hands (not from other 
citizens) a sincere, kindly and general welcome, but 
we did not anticipate the generous hospitalities, the 
total absence of all feelings of aversion, the want of 
all sensitiveness at the mention of the past, the 
warmth and actual effusiveness of friendly feeling 
toward us, and the anxiety apparent on every side to 
have us know that they were sincere in all that they 
did and said. We saw no trace of anything like 
animosity, or even that reserve which so. long holds 
at a distance the parties to a settled quarrel, among 



ON TO RICHMOND! 67 

the men who wore the gray. No men could have 
used language more loyal to "the Old Union." In no 
part of the North or among no class of men in the 
North could language be heard indicating more set- 
tled convictions as to the value, the necessity and 
permanency of the national government represented 
by the flag we carried, or a more total absence of all 
feelings of aversion for it. Hence it was that we 
were taken by surprise and were not prepared to do 
justice to our friends or ourselves. 

We had telegraphed ahead the hour of our arrival ; 
we had estimated that our reception would consume 
an hour or so ; we had projected our plans for occu- 
pying and enjoying the balance of the brief period 
in the midst of many surroundings interesting to us ; 
we expected to make an extensive requisition upon 
the livery stables, and thoroughly scout the whole 
country around Richmond, from Mechanicsville to 
Malvern Hill, as well as visit points of interest and 
attractiveness within the city. But all our plans were 
soon forgotten — not abandoned — but forgotten ; we 
never thought of them again until on our way home. 
We surrendered as willing captives to the generous, 
sincere and kindly hospitality of our friends. Dur- 
ing the twenty-five hours we remained there they gave 
us time for but little sleep. 

At the hour designated, the committee came to the 
wharf at which we landed, and were received in 
the cabin by the officials accompanying the expedi- 
tion. A little wine was found among the ship's sup- 
plies. They extended to us a hearty welcome to the 
Old Dominion, and offered as a toast, "The Old 
Union— God bless it !" which we drank standing, 
with pleasantly mingled feelings, not easily analyzed 
or described. It began to dawn upon our minds that 
our hosts were not formal and reserved, but warm- 
hearted friends; not citizens by virtue of unwel- 



68 ON TO RICHMOND! 

come constraint, but patriotic citizens, loyal to the 
heart's core, actually loving again the old flag and 
the Old Union. 

When we left Richmond we took on board several 
of our Richmond friends who wished to accompany 
us to Yorktown. Most of these gentlemen were 
intelligent and modest men, and our conversation 
with them was very pleasing. No egotism was dis- 
played, but each man conducted himself with true 
Southern civility. They gave us to understand that 
we had left true friends behind, and that our visit to 
Richmond would long be remembered. 

Our boat is now under full way, and with all her 
flags fluttering in the breeze, she glides down the his- 
toric old James river, as proudly as though she had 
forced a passage by Fort Darling, and had captured 
the city and was now returning to relate her victory. 

We repass all the points of interest on the river, 
and as we do so our Richmond friends explain to us 
many interesting incidents of the war. They point 
out to us the exact location of all the Confederate 
batteries that held the Union fleet in check. They 
point out to us Malvern Hill and Chaffin's Bluff. 
They show us the very spot where the Confederate 
army crossed and recrossed the river below Rich- 
mond on their pontoon bridges, and many other 
places of interest. Our party listened very intently 
to all that was said, and learned many things they 
had never known before. 

It was no wonder that the Federal gunboats could 
not force a passage by all the batteries that lined the 
shore on either side of the river. High bluffs were 
to be encountered all the way from the Dutch Gap 
to Richmond. The river between these two points 
is very narrow and crooked, and is naturally fortified 
on both sides. Even if Fort Darling had been cap- 
tured it would have been only one of the many 



ON TO RICHMOND! 69 

strongly fortified points along the river. To a cau- 
tious observer it seems as though it was a piece of 
reckless folly for Butler and the Federal fleet to 
attempt to take Richmond from this quarter. 

As we steam down the river our party are enjoying 
themselves making speeches, relating amusing stories, 
singing, playing cards, and listening to the sweet 
music of the band. Our Congressman amused the 
party very much by relating many of his comic 
stories. Some of the Richmond boys also related 
some of their amusing army experiences. 

We pass through the Dutch Gap Canal on our way 
down, and every man is at the side of the vessel. 
The opening made here is about seventy-five yards 
wide, and the bluff about forty feet high. The water 
is of considerable depth, having been made so since 
the war. All vessels pass through this cut on their 
way to and from Richmond. 

At 2:40 p. m. we arrive at City Point, and are 
again honored by the Federal monitors lying off this 
point. The manner in which they salute us is by 
pulling their flag from the top of their flag staff to 
the deck of the vessel and running it up again. They 
repeat this three times. We answer by the whistle of 
our boat, the playing of the band and cheering. 

We proceed on our way down the river, and soon 
arrive at Wilcox Landing. We do not touch here, 
but we can see Johnnie and Willie Waddle's store, 
and several darkies are standing on the wharf looking 
anxiously at us as we pass. 

When we left Richmond it was our intention to 
proceed direct to Norfolk and there stop for the 
night, but it becoming dark and gloomy, our pilot 
thought it would not be advisable to run to Norfolk, 
so we again turned the bow of our boat towards the 
shore and run up alongside the dock at Newport 
News, where we remained over night. 



70 ON TO RICHMOND! 



NEWPORT NEWS. 

Newport News has its war history as well as all the 
other places along the James River, but we will not 
tire our reader by the recital of any of the events 
occurring at this place during the war. There are 
not more than a dozen houses here. As soon as our 
vessel is securely fastened to the dock many of our 
men go ashore and reconnoitre the place. Every 
house is visited by some of our boys, and almost 
everything that can be purchased is bought. 

Here, as at Wilcox Landing, we see the negro in 
his true character. Many darkies are to be seen 
here. A railroad is being built through this place, 
and large docks are also in course of erection, and 
as all the work is done by the negro we come across 
some very odd characters. These negroes sleep in 
rough board sheds, boxes and on the ground in the 
open air. Each negro has to do his own cooking, 
and, as they have no stoves, it is a sight to see them 
squatting around their fires built upon the ground, 
preparing their meals. Salt pork and hoe cake is 
their chief diet. First they take a piece of pork and 
cut it in slices, and put it in a pan and "try" out 
the grease. They then put a quantity of meal in a 
small pail or other vessel, and, pouring in the grease 
which they have procured from the pork, with suffi- 
cient water added, they mix their hoe cake and bake 
it upon the live coals. 

It is amusing to see the darkies warming themselves 
around the smoking fires. They stand as close as 
possible, and, with their hands stretched out in front 
of them and their heads slightly turned, they defy 
the black, pitchy smoke which entirely envelopes 
them. 

"Don't the smoke ever drive you away?" asked 



ON TO RICHMOND! 71 

one of our party of a middle-aged darkey, who 
resembled an old gnarled oak. "No, massa, we gits 
used to dis smoke," he replied. It seemed as though 
they had, for they would not budge an inch. "Where 
do you all sleep?" was asked of one of the darkies. 
"Oh, we sleeps all around yar. Some of us lays 
down by de fire, and some of us hides in de holes 
and sleeps like you Yankees did." "Yah! yah! 
yah! yah!" was the loud laugh with which the 
darkies greeted this answer. 

"Were you ever in Richmond?" asked Judge 
Buchanan of a full-blooded Ethiopian. " Yas, sir; 
I'se been dar a little," he replied. "Well, Rich- 
mond is a great place, isn't it?" queried the judge. 
" Yas, sir, some of Richmond is a great place," was 
the answer. " Well, what's the matter with the rest 
of Richmond?" asked the judge. This question 
brought forth another exclamation of " Yah ! yah ! 
yah ! " from the large crowd of darkies who sur- 
rounded the fire. There was one negro whom it was 
impossible to keep quiet. He wanted to either dance 
or sing continually. " By dog ! somebody clap fo' 
me; somebody clap fo' me, an' I shows you how to 
dance ! " was the expression he kept making. These 
odd creatures amused our party by singing and danc- 
ing for us until a late hour. Our boys treated them 
to cider and cakes before we left, which pleased them 
very much. 

Dr. Brock, Captain Titus, Dr. Minster and others 
made the acquaintance of some very intelligent 
white people here, and were much pleased at what 
they saw and heard. 

A CHOP SEA. 

About 5 o'clock in the morning we got steam up 
and prepared to proceed on our journey. Before 



72 ON TO RICHMOND! 

leaving the dock a handful of money was thrown out 
upon the wharf among the large crowd of darkies 
who were there assembled. Much laughter was in- 
dulged in over the manner in which they tumbled 
each other over in their efforts to procure a piece of 
the silver. 

During the night it began to rain, and towards 
morning the wind had shifted, and the bay rolled 
and tossed like an angry sea. 

Judge Buchanan and James Withington, in order 
to escape a rough passage by water, took the cars to 
Yorktown, where they again met us. 

After we had left the dock, it was not long before 
we were in the midst of the dashing billows. Our 
boat began to roll and toss, and all on board pre- 
pared for a rough voyage. While our boat was a 
good one, many of our party were fearful that she 
would upset, owing to her being too top-heavy, but 
she ploughed through the angry waves in a splendid 
manner. We are now in the middle of the bay ; the 
waves dash and hiss their fearful sounds ; the wind 
drives the drizzling rain against our boat ; the wild 
birds flit by us as though seeking a place of refuge, 
and our boat is being tossed to and fro at the mercy 
of the sea. Our engine creaks and grinds as though 
in great distress. The timbers of our boat tremble 
as though they would fall apart. Doors and win- 
dows are closed, and nearly all are seeking refuge in 
the cabin and lower part of the boat. Fearful as is 
the storm, many are out upon the bow of the boat, 
gazing out upon the mysterious workings of the 
mighty waters. Many of our party have succumbed 
to that terrible sea-sickness which overcomes most 
people when out upon such a sea. Every now and 
then some one of our boys will rush to the side of the 
boat, and in a feeble and sickly manner empty the 
contents of his stomach into the bay. Some lie at 



ON TO RICHMOND! 73 

full length, in the cabin and on the deck, in deathly 
sickness, while others sit upon the seats skirting the 
sides of the vessel expecting every minute to succumb. 
Dr. Brock and Dr. Minster are administering restora- 
tives to those who are sick or feel as though they 
might be. Three hours we are in the midst of these 
angry waters. 

When we reach Fortress Monroe the wind begins 
to shift. We all expected that when we arrived off 
the mouth of York river that we would encounter a 
terrible sea, but such was not the case. As we turned 
the bow of our boat to enter the York river, the 
wind had shifted and the water was comparatively 
smooth, and we are now about to enter one of the 
finest harbors in the world. 

About five miles ahead of us we can see the old 
historic town of Yorktown, with its river front lined 
with war vessels. Nearer and nearer we approach, 
and soon we are winding our way among the mighty 
vessels of war, and finally draw up alongside a large 
boat at the wharf, and immediately proceed to dis- 
embark. It is now about ten o'clock a. m., and we 
have come thirty miles since seven a. m. 



YORKTOWN. 

Immediately upon our arrival at Yorktown, we 
were met by Captain Mackechney, a member of our 
Post, who was connected with the Quartermaster's 
department of the New Jersey troops, who imme- 
diately proceeded to conduct us to the camp of the 
New Jersey Battalion, and to the tent of our Com- 
mander who was the Major of the battalion. 

We fell into line, and each man carrying a silk 
corps flag, we presented a very creditable appearance. 



74 ON TO RICHMOND! 

It was about three miles to where the troops lay, and 
we were compelled to go this distance over the most 
dusty roads it has ever been our misfortune to see. 

The great military review was going on at this 
time, and as we march past we can see heavy bodies 
of troops moving rapidly past the reviewing stand, 
which is occupied by the President, Secretary Blaine, 
General Hancock, and all the French officers, besides 
many other prominent military men and civilians. 
We look over the fields and for miles we see massive 
bodies of soldiers wheeling and moving about in 
various directions. It forcibly reminds one of some 
of the grand reviews which took place during the 
war, except at this review Southern troops march 
side by side with troops from the North. The sight 
is a grand one, and while the dust is several inches 
deep and is flying in dense clouds, the soldiers pre- 
sent a splendid appearance. 

As the New Jersey troops marched past the 
reviewing stand it seemed as though they were linked 
together, so straight was their line and so solidly did 
they march. 

The march to the camp was a long, tedious one, 
and the day was excessively hot. All buildings that 
we saw were of a rude character, and nothing attrac- 
tive met our eye. 

We trudged on and soon began to enter the camp. 
First we would come to a New York regiment, then 
to a Georgia regiment, and so on until we come to 
the camp of the " Old First Infantry," of Richmond. 
Here we were greeted with cheer after cheer, to which 
we responded in a hearty manner. 

We now pass the "Veteran Camp," as it is called. 
This camp is composed entirely of veterans of the 
late war. We are greeted with loud cheers by our 
late comrades. A few moments longer and we enter 
the camp of the New Jersey troops, and march to the 



ON TO RICHMOND! 75 

open space in front of the field-officers quarters and 
halt. Here we " break ranks," place our corps flags 
in the Major's tent and. wander over the fields of 
Yorktown. 

The troops not having yet arrived from the review 
grounds our party scatter in all quarters. Some visit 
the " Old First Virginia " along with the boys who 
accompanied us from Richmond, and some visit 
friends who belong to other regiments on the ground. 
Many of our boys retrace their steps and go down to 
the boat and wander through the " town " and along 
the river viewing the war vessels as they are preparing 
for their grand review, while many of us remain in 
the camp of the Jersey Blues, where Captain Bamford 
entertains us in a very hospitable manner. 

Soon the soldiers arrive in camp and entertain us 
in a handsome manner. Major Donnelly throws 
open the doors of his tent and bids us all to partake 
of his hospitality. We enjoy ourselves in this man- 
ner for some time. Major Jas. S. Yard invites us all 
to his hospitable board, where we do ample justice to 
ourselves. 

The boys are becoming tired of Yorktown, and 
are now anxious to return to the boat. 

We cannot gather many of our boys together — not 
more than a score. With this number we gather in 
front of the Major's tent where we are photographed, 
and then prepare to leave camp. 

With our band playing we bid good-bye to our 
soldier friends and proceed to the boat. 

On our way back we stop at the camp of the " Old 
First Virginia," where we are heartily received. 
Our band discourses some of its sweetest music. 
Our officers are introduced to the officers of this 
regiment, and after a few remarks by General Camp- 
bell, Hon. John A. Wise, son of ex-Governor Wise, 
stepped forward and said : 



76 ON TO RICHMOND! 

"Soldiers, in behalf of the old soldiers of Vir- 
ginia allow me to thank you for this cordial expres- 
sion of your feeling of patriotic love. The happiest 
moments of my life are now being realized by the 
meeting together of the blue and the grey. If you 
think there are any among us who entertain any feel- 
ing of hatred toward you, whom many of us perhaps 
have met face to face upon the field of battle, you 
must discard that thought. We love you all the 
more. We fought for what we deemed was right, 
and were beaten, but we are to day as loyal to the 
old flag, and the institutions of national liberty, in- 
tegrity and freedom, as yourselves, and God grant 
that the ties of patriotic devotion to country and the 
maintenance of the principles as established upon 
this sacred spot a hundred years ago, and handed 
down to us by our forefathers, may grow stronger 
and stronger, and that future generations may say 
that we are then as now the greatest and most patri- 
otic country upon the face of the earth. This great 
gathering together of the soldiers from all sections of 
the country, upon the historic battle fields of York- 
town, and the interchange of friendly feelings with 
each other, will do more to bind us together in one 
common brotherhood as American citizens than a 
hundred years of war or peace. Let us all strive to 
do our whole duty as citizens. Let us vie with each 
other as to who will do the most to build up our 
country upon a basis of honesty, loyalty and integ- 
rity, and if each will do the best he can we have no 
fears of the future." 

After a few happy remarks by Col. E. H. Murphy, 
Captain "Dick" Wise, also a son of ex-Governor 
Wise, said : 

"I was a soldier in the Confederate army, and I 
did all I could to bring victory to our arms. I 



ON TO RICHMOND! 77 

served from the beginning of the war to its close, at 
Appomattox, and I am proud of the fact. My heart 
and soul was with the cause. I am not ashamed of 
anything I did. But the war is over, and all true 
soldiers will bury the hatchet. It is not those who 
stood in the front line of battle and bared their 
breasts to receive the deadly shot, in defence of their 
principles, who are keeping alive the issues of the 
past, but it is the ' skulker ' — he who followed the 
army, out of range of the rifle, and rifled the pocket 
of the dead soldier, and tifrned his sock inside out 
expecting to find a gold watch. I say it is the poli- 
tician ' camp follower' the 'army beat,' the coward, 
who was always sick when a battle took place, who is 
doing all the blowing now. We, the true soldiers of 
the South, love, as you soldiers of the North, to come 
together and talk over the experiences of our army 
life. I loved and admired the genius of Lee, the 
dashing courage of Jackson, the bull-dog pluck of 
Grant, and the bravery and fidelity of the private 
soldier, and now that the war is over we must be as 
good a citizen as we were a soldier. United we are 
a great people, and if we get into trouble with any 
foreign nation it would be better for them to settle 
the differences by arbitration, for if it comes to a 
conflict of arms the Southern soldier, side by side of 
the soldier of the North, will give them the very 
devil. The only thing I am sorry for is that the 
Confederacy did not hold on to the old stars and 
stripes. I advocated it in the beginning, because I 
love the old flag of our forefathers. ' ' 

After a general shaking of hands we bid farewell 
to the members of this regiment, and to those who 
accompanied us from Richmond, and our boys pro- 
ceed to visit the camp of the veteran soldiers. Before 
leaving the Virginia camp Capt. "Dick" Wise and 



78 ON TO RICHMOND! 

Capt. James F. Brook exchanged caps with each 
other, each saying he would keep it as a souvenir. 

Arriving at the veteran camp oar band gave the 
boys a serenade. The commander of the veterans 
then made a few appropriate remarks. After spend- 
ing a few pleasant moments here, our boys fell in line 
and proceeded direct to the river. 

Here we saw the grand naval review. We could 
not go aboard our boat for a long time, as she could 
not approach a landing on account of the large num- 
ber of vessels lying along the wharves. Here are eight 
or ten war vessels in line, executing all the manoeu- 
vres pertaining to a naval review. All eyes are 
turned to the "Trenton," which is the flagship, as 
she gives her orders to the other vessels by flag sig- 
nal. The revenue cutter, "Dispatch," containing 
the President and a large number of officers, passed 
on the right of each vessel. After passing all the 
vessels the men were piped to quarters. It was a 
grand sight to see the sailors at "dress ship." This 
is done by the sailors standing on the yard arms of 
each vessel while the review was being made. The 
heavy cannonading which took place seemed to shake 
the very earth. 

Many of our party who had gone to the river 
earlier, and who had boarded our boat, had a fine 
view of the review. They were drifting around 
among these vessels for a long time. James C. Tay- 
lor, William Mendham, William McGowan and 
Weistling Zerman obtained permission to board 
the flagship "Trenton," and were shown through 
the vessel by the officers. They were much inter- 
ested in what they saw. 

After the review is over we board our vessel, and 
conclude to remain at Yorktown over night and wit- 
ness the grand display of fireworks. We anchor out 
in the stream, and from the deck of our boat we can 
see all that is going on. 



ON TO RICHMOND! 79 

Here the boys get a rest, and bright and early we 
throw our flags to the breeze and steam majestically 
out of the river and soon leave Yorktown in the 
distance. 



HOMEWARD BOUND. 

When we left Yorktown we did so with the inten- 
tion of going direct to Baltimore. After we got out 
upon the rough bay, we found we could not visit 
Baltimore and arrive at Trenton the next day at the 
time we expected, so the route was changed and 
orders were given to go direct to Trenton. Much 
dissatisfaction was manifested over this change in the 
programme, and a vote was taken whether we should 
go to Baltimore or go direct to Trenton. By a large 
majority they voted to go to Trenton. 

After a ride of two hundred and twenty miles with 
the smoking-gown belonging to Joseph W. Phillips 
(which some of the boys spirited away from under 
his head while he was lying down) flying at the mast- 
head, at eight o'clock p. m. we arrive at Chesapeake 
City. Here we stop for two hours in order to 
serenade the ladies who so kindly presented us with 
bouquets on our way through this place to Richmond. 
Our men all fell into line and marched to the resi- 
dence of Mrs. Hopper, where the band played several 
sweet tunes. James C. Taylor, Jr., introduced Gen- 
eral Campbell, Judge Buchanan, Col. Murphy, and 
others, to the ladies gathered at Mrs. Hopper's resi- 
dence, and after thanking them kindly for their gen- 
erosity toward us, we marched to the residence of 
Mrs. Brady, where the same programme was carried 
out 

At this plnce some of our boys purchased several 
tin horns, and after the boat had got underway, they 



80 ON TO RICHMOND! 

formed themselves into a company — some with horns, 
some with tin pans, and others with basins, and made 
" night hideous " with fearful sounds. They enjoyed 
themselves until they became thoroughly exhausted, 
when they laid aside their instruments for the night, 
wrapped their army blankets around them and lay 
them down to "pleasant" dreams. 

At four o'clock in the morning we arrived at 
Chester where we lay about three hours. Many of 
our boys go ashore here and get a warm breakfast, 
and take a walk around the city. 

We left Chester and proceeded on our journey up 
the Delaware river, and about ten o'clock we bring 
up alongside the dock at Walnut street, Philadelphia. 
We leave several of our party off here. 

Leaving Philadelphia we are saluted by a large 
number of vessels in the harbor. We reach Borden- 
town, and are greeted by scores of ladies who come 
to the brink of the river and welcome us home. 
We enter the canal, and the boys are all brushing 
themselves up ready for their reception at Trenton. 
We soon arrive at our wharf, and are met by the 
members of our Post who could not accompany us, 
and a delegation of Post No. 8, and hundreds of our 
citizens. The ladies greet us on every hand and 
welcome us home. 

We fall in line and to the music of the band 
march up Broad to State ; to Warren ; to Perry ; to 
Greene ; to our headquarters and dismiss. Many of 
our party repair to the residence of Adam Exton, 
where preparations have been made to receive them. 

Hundreds of people asked us about our trip, and 
expressed their regrets that they could not go with 
us. 

It is not necessary to say that we were welcomed 
to our homes by our wives and sweethearts by a 
loving affection. 



ON TO RICHMOND! 81 



CONCLUSION. 



In conclusion, I would say that our trip to Rich- 
mond was all that we expected. We knew the feel- 
ing existing throughout the South was as warm 
toward the old flag as at the North. Never was any 
city in the North so gaily decorated with our national 
flags as Richmond the morning we entered. Every 
post, awning, door, window and every available space 
bore the stars and stripes. Banners were hung across 
the streets at short intervals all along. As we entered 
the city, it seemed like entering a forest of flags. 
Now this means something ; and if so, it means 
patriotism, loyalty and devotion to country. I say 
we knew this was so, and we were glad to have it 
verified 

The people of Richmond are a warm hearted, 
industrious and intelligent body of men, and they 
displayed their manhood in a thousand different 
ways while we were their guests. The hope and 
prayer of all our party, as well as the leading citi- 
zens of Trenton, is that we may soon have the plea- 
sure of meeting these old ex-Confederate soldiers 
here upon the battle fields of Trenton. 

FINIS. 






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